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Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel.
Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1–25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0–88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%—subcutaneous; 29%—intravenous; 1%—unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy.
Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
TRIANNI mice carry an entire set of human immunoglobulin V region gene segments and are a powerful tool to rapidly isolate human monoclonal antibodies. After immunizing these mice with DNA encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and boosting with spike protein, we identified 29 hybridoma antibodies that reacted with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nine antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection at IC50 values in the subnanomolar range. ELISA-binding studies and DNA sequence analyses revealed one cluster of three clonally related neutralizing antibodies that target the receptor-binding domain and compete with the cellular receptor hACE2. A second cluster of six clonally related neutralizing antibodies bind to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein without competing with the binding of hACE2 or cluster 1 antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 mutants selected for resistance to an antibody from one cluster are still neutralized by an antibody from the other cluster. Antibodies from both clusters markedly reduced viral spread in mice transgenic for human ACE2 and protected the animals from SARS-CoV-2-induced weight loss. The two clusters of potent noncompeting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies provide potential candidates for therapy and prophylaxis of COVID-19. The study further supports transgenic animals with a human immunoglobulin gene repertoire as a powerful platform in pandemic preparedness initiatives.
Background: Bidirectional promoters (BPs) are prevalent in eukaryotic genomes. However, it is poorly understood how the cell integrates different epigenomic information, such as transcription factor (TF) binding and chromatin marks, to drive gene expression at BPs. Single-cell sequencing technologies are revolutionizing the field of genome biology. Therefore, this study focuses on the integration of single-cell RNA-seq data with bulk ChIP-seq and other epigenetics data, for which single-cell technologies are not yet established, in the context of BPs.
Results: We performed integrative analyses of novel human single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data with bulk ChIP-seq and other epigenetics data. scRNA-seq data revealed distinct transcription states of BPs that were previously not recognized. We find associations between these transcription states to distinct patterns in structural gene features, DNA accessibility, histone modification, DNA methylation and TF binding profiles.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that a complex interplay of all of these elements is required to achieve BP-specific transcriptional output in this specialized promoter configuration. Further, our study implies that novel statistical methods can be developed to deconvolute masked subpopulations of cells measured with different bulk epigenomic assays using scRNA-seq data.
Background: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are a common injury in pediatric traumatology. The most common operative therapy is closed reduction and percutaneous pinning using K-wires. Common complications associated with this entity are neurovascular lesions, especially of the brachial artery and the median nerve.
Methods: We report two cases of patients treated in our trauma-center with supracondylar fracture of the humerus (AO IV°) and neurovascular complications.
Results: Both patients underwent open revision and recovered completely in their further course.
Conclusion: We recommend detailed neurovascular examination initially and after reposition of the fracture. The threshold for open reduction in cases of irreducible fractures should be low. In the presence of neurovascular impairment an open revision is mandatory, even months after the initial Trauma.
Die Entwicklung neuer und die Adaption bestehender Methoden ist weiterhin eine der vordringlichsten Aufgaben der Forschung zur Bekämpfung der tödlichen Infektion mit dem HI-Virus. So wurde im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob die Methode der Generierung MHC-unabhängiger Immunantworten gegen Oberflächenproteine, die bereits in der experimentellen Tumortherapie verwendet wird, für die HIV Therapie adaptiert werden kann. In dieser Arbeit war das HIV Hüllprotein Env das Zielmolekül. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit versucht, Erkenntnisse aus der HIV-Forschung für alternative Tumortherapieansätze am Beispiel des kutanen T-Zell Lymphoms zu verwenden. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Verwendung des Hüllproteins Env von HIV als Zielstruktur für die Generierung MHC-unabhängiger Immunantworten gegen HIV-infizierte Zellen. Hierfür wurden CD4, 5-Helix sowie zwei Varianten von DC-SIGN als HIV Env-bindende Liganden als chimäre T Zell-Rezeptoren, zusammen mit Teilen von CD3 und CD28, in humanen Zellen exprimiert. Die Funktionalität der Konstrukte konnte gezeigt werden, ein therapeutischer Effekt in vitro war jedoch nicht nachweisbar. Der zweite Teil untersucht die Verwendung des HIV Hüllproteins als therapeutischem Gen zur Behandlung des kutanen T-Zell Lymphoms. Die Pseudotypisierung von MLV-basierenden Vektoren mit HIV Env ermöglicht das zielzellspezifische Eindringen der Vektoren in humane CD4-positive Zellen. Aus diesen Zellen besteht auch das kutane T Zell Lymphom (CTCL). MLV/HIV pseudotypisierte retrovirale Vektoren, die die 89.6P Variante des HIV Hüllproteins Env als therapeutisches Gen transportieren, wurden generiert und zunächst in vitro getestet. Das Wachstum von CTCL-Zellen konnte durch Zugabe dieser Vektorpartikel verhindert und die Zellzahl unter den Ausgangswert reduziert werden. Die Verwendung im Maus-Experiment zeigte einen vergleichbaren Erfolg wie die Verwendung der Herpes simplex Thymidinkinase, obwohl von syn Env nur etwa ein Viertel der Vektorpartikel appliziert wurde. Ein bystander-Effekt ließ sich damit also nachweisen. Die Verwendung chimärer T-Zell-Rezeptoren für MHC-unabhängige Immunantworten gegen HIV-Reservoirs im Körper ist ein vielversprechender Therapieansatz. Neben der Verwendung HIV Env-bindender zellulärer Proteine könnte das Spektrum möglicher Liganden durch die Verwendung Subtypen-übergreifender, nicht-inhibitorischer Antikörper, erweitert werden. Dies ist möglich, da für die Immunantwort lediglich die Bindung an das Hüllprotein notwendig ist. Zur Erhöhung des therapeutischen Effektes des retroviralen Gentransfers zur Therapie kutaner T-Zell Lymphome eignen sich hoch fusogene virale Hüllproteine, die auf diese Weise einen noch stärkeren bystander-Effekt ermöglichen. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass dieser sehr groß sein muss, solange replikationsinkompetente Vektoren verwendet werden.
Boden- und baumstammbewohnende Linyphiidae des Hienheimer Forstes (Bayern) (Arachnida: Araneae)
(1998)
This paper presents some results of a forest ecology research project by the University of Munich's faculty of Forestry, involving the comparison of forests designed to reflect varying degrees of naturalness. Spiders on the ground and on trunks in four different forests in the Hienheimer Forst were caught with 24 ground photo eclectors, 8 arboreal eclectors and with 40 pitfall traps. Habitat requirements were measured and analysed with particular attention to forest soil. Abiotic parameters and the structure of the litter layer were recorded. The most frequent spiders were the Linyphiidae, Agelenidae and Amaurobidae. 63 species of the family Linyphiidae were caught. One half of the Linyphiidae-species could be found on trunks of oak and spruce (eclector fauna). In terms of the number of spider species and in the portion of rare and endangered species there were almost no differences between commercial forest areas and conservation areas. The differences are not as great as the original classification according to closeness to the natural state had led us to expect.
BACKGROUND: Mutations in the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 gene (CHD7) lead to CHARGE syndrome, an autosomal dominant multiple malformation disorder. Proteins involved in chromatin remodeling typically act in multiprotein complexes. We previously demonstrated that a part of human CHD7 interacts with a part of human CHD8, another chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein presumably being involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental (NDD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Because identification of novel CHD7 and CHD8 interacting partners will provide further insights into the pathogenesis of CHARGE syndrome and ASD/NDD, we searched for additional associated polypeptides using the method of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with mass spectrometry.
PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: The hitherto uncharacterized FAM124B (Family with sequence similarity 124B) was identified as a potential interaction partner of both CHD7 and CHD8. We confirmed the result by co-immunoprecipitation studies and showed a direct binding to the CHD8 part by direct yeast two hybrid experiments. Furthermore, we characterized FAM124B as a mainly nuclear localized protein with a widespread expression in embryonic and adult mouse tissues.
CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that FAM124B is a potential interacting partner of a CHD7 and CHD8 containing complex. From the overlapping expression pattern between Chd7 and Fam124B at murine embryonic day E12.5 and the high expression of Fam124B in the developing mouse brain, we conclude that Fam124B is a novel protein possibly involved in the pathogenesis of CHARGE syndrome and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare haematopoietic malignancy characterized by dismal prognosis and overall poor therapeutic response. Since the biology of BPDCN is barely understood, our study aims to shed light on the genetic make-up of these highly malignant tumors. Using targeted high-coverage massive parallel sequencing, we investigated 50 common cancer genes in 33 BPDCN samples. We detected point mutations in NRAS (27.3% of cases), ATM (21.2%), MET, KRAS, IDH2, KIT (9.1% each), APC and RB1 (6.1% each), as well as in VHL, BRAF, MLH1, TP53 and RET (3% each). Moreover, NRAS, KRAS and ATM mutations were found to be mutually exclusive and we observed recurrent mutations in NRAS, IDH2, APC and ATM. CDKN2A deletions were detected in 27.3% of the cases followed by deletions of RB1 (9.1%), PTEN and TP53 (3% each). The mutual exclusive distribution of some mutations may point to different subgroups of BPDCN whose biological significance remains to be explored.