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Ziel: Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, selektive und potente P2-Rezeptor-Antagonisten, die sich von Suramin und PPADS ableiten, zu ermitteln sowie die Charakterisierung UTP-sensitiver Rezeptoren in epididymalen Segmenten des Samenleiters der Ratte vorzunehmen. Methoden: Am Samenleiter der Ratte (P2X1-Rezeptoren) und dem Ileum des Meerschweinchens (P2Y1-Rezeptoren) wurden Kontraktions-Inhibitions-Studien durchgeführt. Zur Untersuchung des UTP-sensitiven Rezeptors im Samenleiter der Ratte wurden Kontraktions-, Kontraktions-Inhibitions-Studien und histochemische- bzw. immunzytochemische Studien herangezogen. Ergebnisse: Durch Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen von Analoga des NF023, Suramin, NF279, PPADS und SB9 konnten symmetrische Suramin-Analoga, wie NF816 (pA2=6,45) und unsymmterische NF279-Analoga, wie NF786 (pA2=6,76), erhalten werden, die potent, selektiv und kompetitiv ADPßS-induzierte Kontraktionen des Meerschweinchen-Ileums antagonisierten. Auch die heterodimer-bivalente Verbindung SB9, erwies sich an nativen P2Y1 -Rezeptoren als potenter, selektiver und kompetitiver Antagonist (P2Y1:pA2=6,91 vs. P2X1: pA2=5,98). Darüber hinaus ist SB9 P2-Rezeptor-spezifisch und schwach wirksam an Ekto-Nukleotidasen von Oozyten des Südafrikanischen Krallenfrosches (IC50 = 40 MikroM). Zur Charakterisierung des UTP-sensitiven Rezeptors des Samenleiters der Ratte wurde Evans Blau verwendet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Evans Blau die Spaltung von exogenem ATP zu 75 % hemmt. Insbesondere die glatte Muskulatur ist ATPase-aktiv. An epididymalen Segmenten ist UTP (100 MikroM Evans Blau) ein voller Agonist (EC50 = 36 MikroM). Die Kontraktion beruht auf der Aktivierung postsynaptischer Strukturen und wird nicht durch UDP oder Uridin beeinflusst. Mit Agonisten konnte in Anwesenheit von 100 MikroM Evans Blau folgende Reihe der Wirkstärke erhalten werden: natürliche Agonisten, Ap4A > ATP = ADP = UTP > UDP; synthetische Agonisten, 2MeSATP > ATPgammaS > ADPßS. In Anwesenheit von 100 MikroM Evans Blau wurden UTP-induzierte Kontraktionen durch PPADS (IC50 = 20 MikroM) und Reaktiv Blau 2 (IC50 = 43 MikroM) nicht aber durch Suramin und MRS 2179 gehemmt. P2Y2-Rezeptor-spezifische Antikörper ergaben die Expression von P2Y2-Rezeptoren auf der glatten Muskulatur des Samenleiter der Ratte. Schlußfolgerungen: Analoga als auch pharmakophore Gruppen des Suramins und PPADS eignen sich als Ausgangs-Verbindungen bzw. -Strukturen zur Synthese von potenten und Subtyp-selektiven P2-Rezeptor-Antagonisten. Die Wirkungen von UTP sind durch P2u-Rezeptoren vermittelt. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf die Beteiligung von P2Y2- bzw. P2Y4-Rezeptoren in epididymalen Segmenten des Sameneiters der Ratte hin.
Reliable communication in the central nervous system requires the precise control of the duration and the intensity of neurotransmitter action at specific molecular targets. After their release at the synapse, neurotransmitters activate pre- and/or postsynaptic receptors. To terminate synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters are in turn inactivated by either enzymatic degradation or active uptake into neuronal and/or glial cells by neurotransmitter transporters. In the present study, two types of membrane proteins involved in transcellular signal transduction were investigated, the P2X receptors, which are ATP-gated ion channels and the glutamate transporters of the EAAT family. The first part of this study is concerned with the targeting and anchoring of P2X receptors at specific locations. P2X receptors play a role of fast excitatory neurotransmission to extracellular ATP in both the peripheral and central nervous system. For several ligand-gated ion channel, like glycine receptors or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, it is known that specific binding proteins exist, which are involved in receptor trafficking and anchoring of the receptors at appropriate sites on the synapse. Within the P2X family, amino acid homology is scattered over the protein sequence excepted of the cytoplasmic C-terminal tails, which do not share significant sequence similarity, indicating that they might provide peculiar properties to the respective receptor isoforms. Using GST fusion proteins containing the C terminal end of the P2X2A, P2X5 and P2X7 subunits as baits, ßIII tubulin was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a direct interacting partner of P2X2A. ßIII tubulin did not interact with P2X5 nor with P2X7. The tubulin binding motif of P2X2A could be confined to a 42 amino acid long region ranging from amino acid 371 to 412 of the complete P2X2A subunit. This domain, which includes a total of six serine residues and twelve proline residues, interestingly overlaps to a significant extent with a 69 amino acid long sequence, which is lacking in P2X2B, a splice variant of P2X2A. P2X2B receptors are known to desensitize - significantly faster than P2X2A receptors. The interaction of the P2X2A receptor with ßIII tubulin may contribute to receptor desensitization as well as tethering of the P2X2A receptor at specialized regions of the cell. In a second part of this work, the oligomeric state of two distantly related glutamate transporters, the human glial glutamate transporter hEAAT2, and the glutamate transporter ecgltP of E.coli was determined. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) buffer and remove synaptically released L-glutamate and maintain its concentration below neurotoxic levels. Mammalian glutamate transporter subunits are known to form homomultimers, but controversial numbers of subunits per transporter complex have been reported, ranging from 2-5. Both hEAAT2 and ecgltP proteins expressed at high levels in Xenopus laevis oocytes, from which they were purified in a [35S]methionine-labeled form under nondenaturing conditions by metal affinity chromatography. Blue native PAGE analysis revealed that both the hEAAT2 and ecgltP transporters exist exclusively as homogenous populations of homotrimers in Xenopus oocytes. The trimeric structure was corroborated by chemical crosslinking. Also, ecgltP purified as a recombinant protein from its natural host E.coli migrated as a trimeric protein on blue native PAGE gels. The conservation of the quaternary structure from prokaryotes to mammals assigns an important functional role to the trimeric structure. Glutamate transporters are known to exhibit a dual mode of operation by functioning both as glutamate Na+/K+/H+ co-transporters and as anion channels. It is intriguing to speculate that the EAAT monomer is responsible for the secondary active transport of glutamate, whereas a barrel-like arrangement of the three subunits forms a central anion pore mediating anion conductivity.