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CpG-Oligodesoxynukleotide (CpG-ODN) sind von medizinischem Interesse aufgrund ihrer immunstimulierenden Wirkung, die durch chemische Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Toll-like-Rezeptor 9 und dem CpG-Oligodesoxynukleotid ausgelöst wird. Um die molekulare Grundlage dieser DNA-Protein-Erkennung näher zu erforschen und um neue modifizierte CpG-Oligodesoxynukleotide mit einem verbessertem Wirkungsprofil für medizinische Anwendungen zu synthetisieren, wurde diese Arbeit angefertigt. Untersucht wurde, welche Synthesestrategie eine effiziente Syntheseroute zur Modifizierung von CpG-Oligodesoxynukleotiden ermöglicht. Als prinzipiell interessante Modifikationen wurden solche gewählt, die dem CpG-ODN-Liganden, Toll-like-Rezeptor 9, zusätzliche Wechselwirkungen eröffnen, wie die H-Brückenwechselwirkungen durch OH, NH2, NO2 oder pi-Stacking-Wechselwirkungen, wie durch z. B. Phenyl oder Pyren. Zunächst wurde in Erwägung gezogen, die bislang in der Literatur nicht für CpG-ODN unter-suchte Position 6 von Cytidin mit OH oder NH2 modifizieren. Hierfür wurde die allgemeine Synthesestrategie verwendet, bei der die Cytosin-Derivate stereoselektiv durch Vorbrüggen-Glykosilierung mit peracetylierter Ribose zum Nukleosid umgesetzt werden. Anschließend erfolgte die Deacetylierung, die regiospezifische Einführung der Tetra-(iso-propyl)-di-siloxan-Schutzgruppe an der 3´,5´-Position. Danach sollte die 2´-OH-Funktion mit Thio-phenylchlorid verestert und nach Barton McCombie desoxygeniert werden. Nach Dimethoxy-triphenylmethylierung an der 5´-OH-Funktion sollte die Umsetzung zum Phosphoramidit erfolgen. ...
Based on the commonly used and well-established state-of-the-art DNA sequencing method, i. e. Sanger sequencing, the major target of future research is to develop a fast, cost-effective and gelelectrophoresis-free sequencing method. The aim of the new sequencing technologies is to detect DNA mutations faster and more accurate in order to develop individual therapies for patients (personalized medicine). For this purpose, a lot of novel sequencing techniques like pyrosequencing, mass-spectrometry-assisted sequencing, sequencing by hybridization etc. have been put into practice and already led to commercialized sequencers. The sequencing technology we were mostly interested in is the so-called sequencing-by-synthesis method (SBS). This PhD thesis covers the synthesis of modified nucleosides – the so-called reversible terminators – and their evaluation as reversible terminators. These 3′-modified and dye-labeled nucleotides are incorporated by the polymerase into the DNA-template, then the DNA-synthesis is stopped. After detection of the fluorescent signal, the reversible terminator has to be cleavable in a way (i. e. the polymerase-blocking modification) that the DNA-synthesis can continue. As a result of the polymerase-acceptance tests that have been carried out with the two triphosphates cyanoethoxymethyl(CEM)-dTTP and cyanoethyl(CE)-dTTP as substrates it became clear that the latter one was better incorporated than the first one. Based on this knowledge all four key compounds for the whole reversible terminators possessing the cyanoethyl (CE) group where synthesized within this PhD thesis. Additionally to the synthesis of the modified key compounds, the cleavability of the cyanoethyl function had to be evaluated which is an essential requirement of a reversible terminator for SBS. For addressing this issue, three different CE- and CEM modified monophosphates were created. For each of these three monophosphates an individual synthetic strategy has been developed within this PhD work, each of these strategies and subsequent phosphorylation led to the desired modification. These previously unknown model compounds mimicking the solubility of short oligonucleotides were employed the for qualitative cleavage experiments after their purification and spectroscopical characterization. With these three monophosphates suitable cleavage conditions for a quantitative removal of the CE and the CEM group were examined. In case of the CE function we selectively improved the cleavage conditions while varying the solvent, the reaction temperature as well as the amount of cleaving agent used, in order to make the conditions applicable for an SBS experiment. Due to the fact that the CE function was the most important modification for our SBS experiment, we could even optimize the cleavage efficiency by employing co-solvents like DMSO or DMF. An additional cleavage experiment was carried out by using a short CE-modified oligomer which led to further results that were comparable to the ones obtained from the cleavage experiments of the monomers. One big difference is the required amount of TBAF as cleaving agent for the quantitative removal of the CE-modification from the oligomer. In this case, 7500 equivalents of TBAF are needed for complete CE cleavage at 45 °C compared to the amount of 40 to 80 equivalents TBAF for the monomer (monophosphate). As a conclusion of this result we assume that the amount of cleaving agent and the solubility of the oligomer plays an important role in the CE cleavage efficiency. This assumption was already supported by Saneyoshi et al. who demonstrated for CE-modified RNA oligonucleotides that the CE-cleavage rate is strongly lowered with the increasing of the oligomer length. Thus we could demonstrate that the CE function is quantitatively removable from an oligomer without destroying it. With these results in hands we could prove that the CEM and the CE group are quantitatively cleavable and therefore applicable as blocking groups for reversible terminators. The conditions for the CE cleavage are used for the ArraySBS-“proof-of-principle” which is currently under investigation.
Das große therapeutische Potential der RNA Interferenz wird dadurch deutlich, dass sich wenige Jahre nach der Entdeckung die ersten potentiellen RNAi Medikamente in den klinischen Teststudien befinden. Jedoch müssen bis zur therapeutischen Anwendung im großen Maße noch einige Hindernisse überwunden werden. Um eine optimale Wirkung der siRNAs gewährleisten zu können müssen folgende Punkte beachtet werden: - Erhöhte Nuclease-Resistenz - Effiziente zelluläre Aufnahme - Keine Off-Target Effekte - in vivo geringe Toxizität Das richtige Design der siRNAs ist somit von enormer Bedeutung. Hierfür bedient man sich verschiedener Modifikationsmöglichkeiten wie z.B. Basenmodifikationen, Modifikationen an der 2´-O-Position sowie am Phosphatrückrat. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit ist es gelungen verschiedene Syntheserouten zur Darstellung von Nucleosiden mit kationischen sowie neutralen 2´-O-Modifikationsmotiven zu erarbeiten und zu optimieren. ...