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Cancer has become one of the most fatal diseases. The Heidelberg Heavy Ion Cancer Therapy (HICAT) has the potential to become an important and efficient treatment method because of its excellent “Bragg peak” characteristics and on-line irradiation control by the PET diagnostics. The dedicated Heidelberg Heavy Ion Cancer Therapy Project includes two ECR ion sources, a RF linear injector, a synchrotron and three treatment rooms. It will deliver 4*10 high 10 protons, or 1*10 high 10 He, or 1*10 high 9 Carbons, or 5*10 high 8 Oxygens per synchrotron cycle with the beam energy 50-430AMeV for the treatments. The RF linear injector consists of a 400AkeV RFQ and of a very compact 7AMeV IH-DTL accelerator operated at 216.816MHz. The development of the IH-DTL within the HICAT project is a great challenge with respect to the present state of the DTL art because of the following reasons: • The highest operating frequency (216.816MHz) of all IH-DTL cavities; • Extremely large cavity length to diameter ratio of about 11; • IH-DTL with three internal triplets; • The highest effective voltage gain per meter (5.5MV/m); • Very short MEBT design for the beam matching. The following achievements have been reached during the development of the IH-DTL injector for HICAT : The KONUS beam dynamics design with LORASR code fulfills the beam requirement of the HICAT synchrotron at the injection point. The simulations for the IH-DTL injector have been performed not only with a homogeneous input beam, but also with the actual particle distribution from the exit of the HICAT RFQ accelerator as delivered by the PARMTEQ code. The output longitudinal normalized emittance for 95% of all particles is 2.00AkeVns, the emittance growth is less than 24%, while the X-X’ and Y-Y’ normalized emittance are 0.77mmmrad and 0.62mmmrad, respectively. The emittance growth in X-X’ is less than 18%, and the emittance growth in Y-Y’ is less than 5%. Based on the transverse envelopes of the transported particles, the redesign of the buncher drift tubes at the RFQ high energy end has been made to get a higher transit time factor for this novel RFQ internal buncher. An optimized effective buncher gap voltage of 45.4KV has been calculated to deliver a minimized longitudinal beam emittance, while the influence of the effective buncher voltage on the transverse emittance can be neglected. Six different tuning concepts were investigated in detail while tuning the 1:2 scaled HICAT IH model cavity. ‘Volume Tuning’ by a variation of the cavity cross sectional area can compensate the unbalanced capacitance distribution in case of an extreme beta-lambda-variation along an IH cavity. ‘Additional Capacitance Plates’ or copper sheets clamped on drift tube stems are a fast way for checking the tuning sensitivity, but they will be replaced by massive copper blocks mounted on the drift tube girders finally. ‘Lens Coupling’ is an important tuning to stabilize the operation mode and to increase or decrease the coupling between neighboring sections. ‘Tube Tuning’ is the fine tuning concept and also the standard tuning method to reach the needed field distributions as well as the gap voltage distributions. ‘Undercut Tuning’ is a very sensitive tuning for the end sections and with respect to the voltage distribution balance along the structure. The different types of ‘plungers’ in the 3rd and 4th sections have different effects on the resonance frequency and on the field distribution. The different triplet stems and the geometry of the cavity end have been also investigated to reach the design field and voltage distributions. Finally, the needed uniform field distribution along the IH-DTL cavity and the corresponding effective voltage distribution were realized, the remaining maximum gap voltage difference was less than 5% for the model cavity. The several important higher order modes were also measured. The RF tuning of the IH-DTL model cavity delivers the final geometry parameters of the IH-DTL power cavity. A rectangular cavity cross section was adopted for the first time for this IH-DTL cavity. This eases the realization of the volume tuning concept in the 1st and 2nd sections. Lens coupling determines the final distance between the triplet and the girder. The triplets are mounted on the lower cavity half shell. The Microwave Studio simulations have been carried out not only for the HICAT model cavity, but also for the final geometry of the IH-DTL power cavity. The field distribution for the operation mode H110 fits to the model cavity measurement as well as the Higher Order Modes. The simulations prove the IH-DTL geometrical design. On the other hand, the precision of one simulation with 2.3 million mesh points for full cross section area and the CPU time more than 15hours on a DELL PC with Intel Pentium 4 of 2.4GHz and 2.096GRAM were exploited to their limit when calculating the real parameters for the two final machining iterations during production. The shunt impedance of the IH-DTL power cavity is estimated by comparison with the existing tanks to about 195.8MOmega/m, which fits to the simulation result of 200.3MOmega/m with reducing the conductivity to the 5.0*10 high 7 Omega-1m-1. The effective shunt impedance is 153 MOmega/m. The needed RF power is 755kW. The expected quality factor of the IH-DTL cavity is about 15600. The IH-DTL power cavity tuning measurements before cavity copper plating have been performed. The results are within the specifications. There is no doubt that the needed accuracy of the voltage distribution will be reached with the foreseen fine tuning concepts in the last steps.
In einer Gabor-Linse wird durch ein axiales magnetisches Feld und ein longitudinales Potential ein so genanntes nichtneutrales Plasma (NNP) stabil eingeschlossen. Das elektrische Feld der Ladungsträgerwolke wirkt fokussierend auf Ionenstrahlen, die das Linsenvolumen passieren. Dieses Konzept, das D. Gabor 1946 vorstellte, wurde hinsichtlich seiner Eignung zur Ionenstrahlfokussierung seit den 1970-er Jahren untersucht, denn Gabor-Linsen ermöglichen eine elektrostatische Fokussierung erster Ordnung bei gleichzeitiger Raumladungskompensation im gesamten Transportkanal und haben damit einen großen Vorteil gegenüber den konventionellen Linsensystemen. Hauptsächlich zwei Gründe sprachen jedoch nach den meisten Experimenten gegen einen Einsatz dieses Linsentyps in Beschleunigern: Die erreichte Einschlusseffizienz und die Abbildungseigenschaften der eingeschlossenen Raumladungswolke blieben weit hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Erst ein geändertes Konzept zur Befüllung der Linse mit Elektronen und ein parallel zu den Experimenten entwickeltes numerisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Plasmaparameter ermöglichte die Entwicklung eines Linsensystems, das die Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Ionenoptiken sichtbar werden ließ In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird neben der theoretischen Beschreibung des Plasmaeinschlusses der Aufbau und die Funktionsweise einer Gabor-Linse dargestellt. Experimentelle Befunde zur Strahlinjektion in einen RFQ unter Verwendung einer LEBT-Sektion, bestehend aus zwei Gabor-Linsen werden präsentiert. Nach der Beschleunigung des Ionenstrahles durch einen RFQ auf eine Energie von etwa 440 keV sollten Transportexperimente zeigen, ob eine neu entwickelte Hochfeld Gabor-Linse (HGL) zur Fokussierung dieses Strahles eingesetzt werden kann. Die Strahlenergie ist dabei mit der vergleichbar, die im HIF-Projekt (Heavy Ion Fusion) für die Injektion des Bi1+-Strahles in die erste Beschleunigerstruktur geplant ist. Insbesondere war bei den Experimenten mit dem durch den RFQ beschleunigten Strahl die Einschlusseffizienz bezüglich der Elektronendichte in der HGL von Interesse und auch das Verhalten des NNP bei der Fokussierung eines gepulsten Ionenstrahles.