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Institute
- Physik (3489) (remove)
Pion-Pion-Streuung in einem geeichten linearen Sigma-Modell mit chiraler U(2)R × U(2)L-Symmetrie
(2006)
Das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit waren die leichten skalaren und vektoriellen Mesonen, die in einem chiral symmetrischen SU(2)-Modell zusammengefasst wurden; aufgrund der sich daraus ergebenden Lagrange-Dichte wurde die Streuamplitude für die Pion-Pion-Streuung im Vakuum berechnet, was sodann die Berechnung der s-Wellen-Streulängen an der Schwelle im Vakuum erlaubte.
In vorliegender Arbeit wurde ein lineares Sigma-Modell mit verktoriellen sowie axial-vektoriellen Freiheitsgraden durch Einkopplung des Dilatons verallgemeinert, wodurch Kontakt mit der Skalen-Anomalie erzielt wurde. Anschließend war die Intention, die Zerfallsbreiten des entmischten Sigmafeldes sowie des entmischten skalaren Glueballs, die mit den skalaren-isoskalaren Resonanzen f0(1370) und f0(1500) identi
ziert wurden, auf Baumdiagrammniveau zu berechnen und mit experimentellen Befunden zu vergleichen, um Aussagen über die Natur dieser Resonanzen im Rahmen der durchgeführten Studie machen zu können.
Ziel der Bachelorarbeit war es, einen Versuch für das Fortgeschrittenen-Praktikum des Instituts für Kernphysik zu konzipieren, der es ermöglicht, die Lebensdauer von aus der kosmischen Strahlung entstandenen Myonen zu bestimmen.
Dazu wurden vorhandene Komponenten auf ihre Gebrauchstauglichkeit getestet und untersucht, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Größe der Szintillatoren, ob der für einen Praktikumsversuch zeitlich gegebene Rahmen eingehalten werden kann.
Es ergaben sich einige mechanische Probleme, insbesondere bei der Verbindung der neuen, größeren Szintillatoren mit den Photomultipliern, die angegangen wurden. Die zuerst getestete Methode stellte sich jedoch als uneffektiv heraus, sodass die endgültige Lösung mit Hilfe einer neuen, computergesteuerten Fräsmaschine der Feinmechanik-Werkstatt erreicht werden soll.
Um die entstandenen Daten zu verarbeiten, wurde ein entsprechendes Programm in LabVIEW entwickelt, das die am TDC abgegriffenen Daten auf ihre Relevanz untersucht und die Ergebnisse in eine Textdatei schreibt. Das LabVIEW Front Panel wurde dabei so gestaltet, dass es den Praktikanten alle wichtigen Daten in graphisch anschaulicher Weise liefert.
Die Daten aus der Textdatei werden dann mit Hilfe eines ROOT Makros mit zwei verschiedenen Exponentialfunktionen gefittet.
In ersten Messungen ergibt sich ein Wert für die Lebensdauer der Myonen, der erstaunlich nahe am Literaturwert liegt.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Stabilitätstests an einer Vieldrahtproportionalkammer nach ALICE-Geometrie vorgestellt. Wegen elektrischer Instabilitäten, das heißt dem Abschalten der Hochspannungsversorgung einzelner Kammern aufgrund von Entladungen an der Ausleseebene, wurde die ALICE-TPC bisher mit zwei unterschiedlichen Gasmischungen betrieben. Es wurden die Gasmischungen Ne-CO2 (90-10) und Ne-CO2-N2 (90-10-5) verwendet.
In dieser Arbeit soll nun mit systematischen Stabilitätstests mit einer α- und einer γ-Quelle am Testaufbau am IKF untersucht werden, ob eine Beimischung von Stickstoff zur Gasmischung Ne-CO2 wirklich positive Auswirkungen auf die elektrische Stabilität der Vieldrahtproportionalkammern der ALICE-TPC hat. Messungen mit der Gasmischung Ar-CO2 (90-10) dienen dabei als Referenzmessungen.
Zunächst wurden vorbereitende Messungen zum bessseren Verständnis des Einflusses der Ausleseelektronik auf die Padsignale am Testaufbau durchgeführt. Die Untersuchung der von einem Pulser induzierten Signale zeigt, dass keine Korrektur der Nullverschiebung nötig ist. Auÿerdem konnten durch diese Messung die Verstärkungsfaktoren des verwendeten Hauptverstärkers ermittelt werden. Ein weiterer wichtiger Faktor für Stabilitätstests ist die Genauigkeit des Mischungsverhältnisses des Gases. Um eine hohe Genauigkeit zu gewährleisten, wurde der Gasfliss der verschiedenen Kanäle des zur Herstellung der Gasmischung genutzten Gasmischers überprüft und so die Bereiche für den Gasfluss gefunden, in denen sich das Mischungsverhältnis nicht ändert.
Eine gute Auflösung kann mit Vieldrahtproportionalkammern erreicht werden, wenn die Kammern auch bei einem möglichst groÿen Gain noch stabil betrieben werden können. Um den Gain aus Anodestrommessungen bestimmen zu können, wurden die Primärströme für die α- und die γ-Quelle ermittelt.
Frühere Messungen mit einer γ-Quelle, aufgrund derer Stickstoff als Beimischung in den Fokus rückte, ließen vermuten, dass sich durch die Beimischung von Stickstoff die Stabilität der Auslesekammern verbessern lassen würde. Die durchgeführten Messungen mit der γ-Quellen sollten diese Aussage nun überprüfen. Sie können die früheren Ergebnisse jedoch nicht bestätigen, sondern zeigen, dass die Gasmischung Ne-CO2-N2 (90-10-5) im Gegensatz zur Gasmischung Ne-CO2 (90-10) bei Bestrahlung mit der γ-Quelle zu instabileren Bedingungen für die Auslesekammer führt.
Zum Erzeugen der Anodensignale bei Stabilitätstests wurden erstmals geladene Teilchen aus einer α-Quelle verwendet. Im Gegensatz zur Messung mit der γ-Quelle kann die Auslesekammer bei der Beimischung von Stickstoff zu Ne-CO2 bis zu einem um 25% höheren Gain stabil betrieben werden als bei der Gasmischung Ne-CO2.
Aufgrund des je nach verwendeter Quelle unterschiedlichen Effekts auf die Stabilität der Auslesekammer lässt sich nicht mit absoluter Sicherheit sagen, ob eine Beimischung von Stickstoff die gewünschten Auswirkungen hat. Allerdings werden die Spuren in der ALICE-TPC durch geladene Teilchen hervorgerufen, sodass die Messungen mit der α-Quelle den experimentellen Bedingungen bei ALICE näher kommen als die Messungen mit der γ-Quelle und deshalb die Gasmischung Ne-CO2-N2 (90-10-5) zu bevorzugen ist.
Tuning and optimization of the field distribution for 4-rod radio frequency quadrupole linacs
(2014)
In this thesis, the tuning process of the 4-rod Radio Frequency Quadrupole has been analyzed and a theory for the prediction of the tuning plate's influence on the longitudinal voltage distribution was developed together with RF design options for the optimization of the fringe fields.
The basic principles of the RFQ's particle dynamics and resonant behavior are introduced in the theory part of this thesis. All studies that are presented are based on the work on four RFQs of recent linac projects. These RFQs are described in one chapter. Here, the projects are introduced together with details about the RFQ parameters and performance. In the meantime two of these RFQs are in full operation at NSCL at MSU and FNAL. One is operating in the test phase of the MedAustron Cancer Therapy Center and the fourth one for LANL is about to be built. The longitudinal voltage distribution has been studied in detail with a focus on the influence of the RF design with tuning elements and parameters like the electrodes overlap or the distance between stems. The theory for simulation methods for the field flatness that were developed as part of this thesis, as well as its simulation with CST MWS have been analyzed and compared to measurements. The lumped circuit model has proven to predict results with an accuracy that can be used in the tuning process of 4-rod RFQs. Together with results from the tuning studies, the studies on the fringe fields of the 4-rod structure lead to a proposal for a 4-rod RFQ model with an improved field distribution in the transverse and longitudinal electric field.
Fast nuclei are ionizing radiation which can cause deleterious effects to irradiated cells. The modelling of the interactions of such ions with matter and the related effects are very important to physics, radiobiology, medicine and space science and technology. A powerful method to study the interactions of ionizing radiation with biological systems was developed in the field of microdosimetry. Microdosimetry spectra characterize the energy deposition to objects of cellular size, i.e., a few micrometers.
In the present thesis the interaction of ions with tissue-like media was investigated using the Monte Carlo model for Heavy-Ion Therapy (MCHIT) developed at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies. MCHIT is a Geant4-based application intended to benchmark the physical models of Geant4 and investigate the physical properties of therapeutic ion beams. We have implemented new features in MCHIT in order to calculate microdosimetric quantities characterizing the radiation fields of accelerated nucleons and nuclei. The results of our Monte Carlo simulations were compared with recent experimental microdosimetry data.
In addition to microdosimetry calculations with MCHIT, we also investigated the biological properties of ion beams, e.g. their relative biological effectiveness (RBE), by means of the modified Microdosimetric-Kinetic model (MKM). The MKM uses microdosimetry spectra in describing cell response to radiation. MCHIT+MKM allowed us to study the physical and biological properties of ion beams. The main results of the thesis are as follows:
MCHIT is able to describe the spatial distribution of the physical dose in tissue-like media and microdosimetry spectra for ions with energies relevant to space research and ion-beam cancer therapy; MCHIT+MKM predicts a reduction of the biological effectiveness of ions propagating in extended medium due to nuclear fragmentation reactions; We predicted favourable biological dose-depth profiles for monoenergetic helium and lithium beams similar to the one for carbon beam. Well-adjusted biological dose distributions for H-1, He-4, C-12 and O-16 with a very flat spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) plateau were calculated with MCHIT+MKM; MCHIT+MKM predicts less damage to healthy tissues in the entrance channel for SOBP He-4 and C-12 beams compared to H-1 and O-16 ones. No definitive advantages for oxygen ions with respect to carbon were found.
An der Goethe Universität in Frankfurt wird ein Konzept für ein magnetostatischen Hochstromspeicherring für Protonen- und Ionenstrahlen entwickelt und untersucht. Zur Zeit stehen dem Experiment zwei Toroidsegmente und eine Volumenionenquelle zur Verfügung. An diesem Aufbau werden Experimente mit dem Ziel die Strahldynamik zu untersuchen und die Strahldiagnose in toroidalen Magnetfeldern zu entwickeln, durchgeführt [Joshi] Für Experimente ist eine Strahldiagnose entlang der starken toroidalen Magnetfelder bis maximal 0, 6T nötig. Dabei sind die zur Verfügung stehenden Strahldiagnoseverfahren zum Einen ein Faraday-Cup und zum Anderen ein entlang des kompletten Aufbaus beweglicher Szintillatordetektor. Der Szintillatordetektor, besteht aus einem Phosphorschirm und einer Kamera, die hinter dem Schirm angebracht ist. [Nonn] Aufgrund der geschlossenen Ringgeometrie und dem Anspruch auf eine hohe Flexibilität des Detektors ist die Konstruktion eines neuen von starken Magnetfeldern unbeeinflussbaren und sehr kompakten Detektors notwendig. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein allgemeines Strahldiagnoseverfahren zu entwickeln.
Der langsame Neutronen-Einfangprozess (s-Prozess) ist weitgehend verstanden und erforscht. Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass er im Gegensatz zu r- und p- Prozess hauptsächlich an stabilen Nukliden abläuft. Auch ist die Anzahl relevanter Reaktionen (Netzwerk) vergleichsweise klein.
Dennoch gibt es im s-Prozess viele ungeklärte Fragen. Eine dieser Fragen ist die Häufigkeitsverteilung von 86Kr in Staubkörnern von Meteoriten. Mit bisherigen Berechnungen und Simulationen dieser Szenarien konnte die Häufigkeitsverteilung von 86Kr jedoch nicht erklärt werden.
In dieser Arbeit werden die besonderen Eigenschaften von 85Kr, insbesondere sein Isomerzustand, vorgestellt und genauer untersucht. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung von 86Kr im s-Prozess wird entscheidend durch die Eigenschaften 85Kr beeinflusst. Mit den gewonnenen Daten aus dieser Arbeit wurde eine erste Simulation erstellt, die einen möglichenWeg aufzeigt, das Rätsel um die Häufigkeitsverteilung zu lösen.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung des 4π-Bariumfluorid(BaF2)-Detektors, der in Zukunft im Rahmen des FRANZ-Projektes (Frankfurter Neutronenquelle am Stern-Gerlach-Zentrum) eingesetzt werden soll. Der Detektor soll zum Nachweis von γ-Emission zum Beispiel nach einem Neutroneneinfang genutzt werden, womit der (n,γ)-Wirkungsquerschnitt bestimmt werden kann. Hauptaufgabe dieser Arbeit ist die Bestimmung der Energie- und Zeitauflösung, sowie die Energie- und Zeitkalibrierung und die Effizienzbestimmung.