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Women with thrombophilic defects have been shown to be at increased risk, not only of pregnancy associated thromboembolism but also of other vascular complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and fetal loss. First trimester fetal loss is associated with factor V Leiden mutation, activated protein C resistance without factor V Leiden mutation and prothrombin G20210A mutation. Late nonrecurrent fetal loss is associated with factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin mutation and protein S deficiency. Concerning acquired thrombophilia, recurrent fetal loss is a well-documented finding in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Associations between thrombophilia polymorphisms and an increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction have been discussed in small series of cases but could not be confirmed in large scale studies. Frequencies for anticardiolipin antibodies or lupus anticoagulants and antinuclear antibodies were significantly higher in women with infants small for gestational age compared to controls. Concerning preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and thrombophilia, a number of studies have examined these relationships with conflicting results. For factor V Leiden, MTHFR C677T and prothrombin mutation, no association with preeclampsia was observed, when severe cases were excluded. If studies were restricted to those of severe preeclampsia, an association with the factor V Leiden mutation was apparent and, to a lesser extent, with the MTHFR-mutation. For antithrombotic therapy, it was shown that in women with antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent pregnancy loss, unfractionated heparin plus lowdose aspirin results in significantly better gestational outcome than lowdose aspirin alone. Concerning therapy of women with inherited thrombophilia and pregnancy loss, only small, uncontrolled studies are available, demonstrating improved pregnancy outcome when low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is used for treatment. In conclusion, heritable thrombophilia and the antiphospholipid-syndrome are major causes of fetal loss after exclusion of other underlying pathologies like chromosomal abnormalities, and screening should be recommended. LMWH with or without aspirin may be used for treatment. There is little value in antenatal screening for prothrombotic polymorphisms to predict the development of small for gestational age infants, preeclampsia or gestational hypertension.
Dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) increases the risk of tPA-associated hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in ischemic stroke. To investigate the effects of DAPT in rodents, reliable indicators of platelet function utilizing a minimally invasive procedure are required. We here established a fluorescence-based assay to monitor DAPT efficiency in a mouse model of ischemic stroke with HT. Male C57/BL6 mice were fed with aspirin and clopidogrel (ASA+CPG). Venous blood was collected, stimulated with thrombin, labeled with anti-CD41-FITC and anti-CD62P-PE, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Subsequently, animals were subjected to experimental stroke and tail bleeding tests. HT was quantified using NIH ImageJ software. In ASA+CPG mice, the platelet activation marker CD62P was reduced by 40.6 ± 4.2% (p < 0.0001) compared to controls. In vitro platelet function correlated inversely with tail bleeding tests (r = −0.8, p = 0.0033, n = 12). Twenty-four hours after drug withdrawal, platelet activation rates in ASA+CPG mice were still reduced by 20.2 ± 4.1% (p = 0.0026) compared to controls, while tail bleeding volumes were increased by 4.0 ± 1.4 μl (p = 0.004). Conventional tests using light transmission aggregometry require large amounts of blood and thus cannot be used in experimental stroke studies. In contrast, flow cytometry is a highly sensitive method that utilizes small volumes and can easily be incorporated into the experimental stroke workflow. Our test can be used to monitor the inhibitory effects of DAPT in mice. Reduced platelet activation is indicative of an increased risk for tPA-associated cerebral hemorrhage following experimental stroke. The test can be applied to individual animals and implemented flexibly prior and subsequent to experimental stroke.