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The short-lived K(892)* resonance provides an efficient tool to probe properties of the hot and dense medium produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We report measurements of K* in sqrt[sNN]=200GeV Au+Au and p+p collisions reconstructed via its hadronic decay channels K(892)*0-->K pi and K(892)*±-->K0S pi ± using the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The K*0 mass has been studied as a function of pT in minimum bias p+p and central Au+Au collisions. The K*pT spectra for minimum bias p+p interactions and for Au+Au collisions in different centralities are presented. The K*/K yield ratios for all centralities in Au+Au collisions are found to be significantly lower than the ratio in minimum bias p+p collisions, indicating the importance of hadronic interactions between chemical and kinetic freeze-outs. A significant nonzero K*0 elliptic flow (v2) is observed in Au+Au collisions and is compared to the K0S and Lambda v2. The nuclear modification factor of K* at intermediate pT is similar to that of K0S but different from Lambda . This establishes a baryon-meson effect over a mass effect in the particle production at intermediate pT (2<pT <= 4GeV/c).
Midrapidity open charm spectra from direct reconstruction of D0(D0-bar)-->K± pi ± in d+Au collisions and indirect electron-positron measurements via charm semileptonic decays in p+p and d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV are reported. The D0(D0-bar) spectrum covers a transverse momentum (pT) range of 0.1<pT<3 GeV/c, whereas the electron spectra cover a range of 1<pT<4 GeV/c. The electron spectra show approximate binary collision scaling between p+p and d+Au collisions. From these two independent analyses, the differential cross section per nucleon-nucleon binary interaction at midrapidity for open charm production from d+Au collisions at BNL RHIC is d sigma NNcc-bar/dy=0.30±0.04(stat)±0.09(syst) mb. The results are compared to theoretical calculations. Implications for charmonium results in A+A collisions are discussed.
Spatial interpolation of rain gauge data is important in forcing of hydrological simulations or evaluation of weather predictions, for example. The spatial density of available data sites is often changing with time. This paper investigates the application of statistical distance, like one minus common variance of time series, between data sites instead of geographical distance in interpolation. Here, as a typical representative of interpolation methods the inverse distance weighting interpolation is applied and the test data is daily precipitation observed in Austria. Choosing statistical distance instead of geographical distance in interpolation of an actually available coarse observation network yields more robust interpolation results at sites of a denser network with actually lacking observations. The performance enhancement is in or close to mountainous terrain. This has the potential to parsimoniously densify the currently available observation network. Additionally, the success further motivates search for conceptual rain-orography interaction models as components of spatial rain interpolation algorithms in mountainous terrain.
Excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix is a hallmark of many inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, including those of the kidney. This study addresses the question whether NO, in addition to inhibiting the expression of MMP-9, a prominent metalloprotease expressed by mesangial cells, additionally modulates expression of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1. We demonstrate that exogenous NO has no modulatory effect on the extracellular TIMP-1 content but strongly amplifies the early increase in cytokine-induced TIMP-1 mRNA and protein levels. We examined whether transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), a potent profibrotic cytokine, is involved in the regulation of NO-dependent TIMP-1 expression. Experiments utilizing a pan-specific neutralizing TGFbeta antibody demonstrate that the NO-induced amplification of TIMP-1 is mediated by extracellular TGFbeta. Mechanistically, NO causes a rapid increase in Smad-2 phosphorylation, which is abrogated by the addition of neutralizing TGFbeta antisera. Similarly, the NO-dependent increase in Smad-2 phosphorylation is prevented in the presence of an inhibitor of TGFbeta-RI kinase, indicating that the NO-dependent activation of Smad-2 occurs via the TGFbeta-type I receptor. Furthermore, activation of the Smad signaling cascade by NO is corroborated by the NO-dependent increase in nuclear Smad-4 level and is paralleled by increased DNA binding of Smad-2/3 containing complexes to a TIMP-1-specific Smad-binding element (SBE). Reporter gene assays revealed that NO activates a 0.6-kb TIMP-1 gene promoter fragment as well as a TGFbeta-inducible and SBE-driven control promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis also demonstrated DNA binding activity of Smad-3 and Smad-4 proteins to the TIMP-1-specific SBE. Finally, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrated that NO causes a rapid increase in TGFbeta(1) levels in cell supernatants. Together, these experiments demonstrate that NO by induction of the Smad signaling pathway modulates TIMP-1 expression.
Hugo Chávez je leta 1989 s 56, 4% dobil predsedniške volitve. Uporabljal je protineoliberalni diskurz, še posebej proti privatizaciji državnega naftnega koncerna Petroleos de Venezuela S. A. (PDVSA) in obljubil volitve za ustavodajno skupšcino. Drugega februarja 1999 je prevzel mandat, 25. julija je bila izvoljena ustavodajna skupšcina, 15. decembra je bila preko referenduma z 80% glasov izvoljena nova ustava, "Bolivarijanska ustava". Leta 2000 je bil Chávez v skladu z novo ustavo in z 59,7% glasov ponovno izvoljen. Njegovo kampanjo so podpirale skoraj vse leve stranke, bazicni sindikati, staroselske kmetice in kmetje ter bazicne organizacije. Trenutno je vlada sestavljena iz petih strank in sloni na široki osnovi. ...
Wenn sich am 20. März der Beginn des Irakkrieges zum zweiten Mal jährt, werden über 30000 Iraker im Dienste privater Militärfirmen (PMF) stehen. Hinzu kommen 6000 bis 20000 Ausländer. PMF stellen damit die – nach den US-Streitkräften – zweitstärkste "Armee" im Irak. Die coalition of the willing (Koalition der Willigen) wird immer mehr zu einer coalition of the billing (Koalition der Rechnungsteller). In den letzten zehn Jahren unterzeichnete allein die US-Regierung über 3000 Verträge mit Privatunternehmen, um sich deren Dienstleistungen für ihre im Ausland stationierten Truppen zu sichern. Im Irak vergab die Bush-Regierung, einem Report des Centre for Public Integrity in Washington zufolge, Aufträge mit einem Gesamtvolumen von 48,7 Mrd. US-Dollar an 150 solcher privater Militärdienstleistungsunternehmen. Schon bei der Invasion wurden viele der hoch entwickelten Waffensysteme von Spezialisten bedient (so zum Beispiel Predator-Drohnen, Global Hawks, B-2 Stealth-Bomber). Im Irak obliegt es Mitarbeitern von PMF, Patrouille zu laufen, Gebäude und Infrastruktur zu bewachen und den Personenschutz zu stellen. Selbst das Personal in den irakischen Militärgefängnissen stammt von privaten Sicherheitsdiensten. So waren Mitarbeiter der PMF Caci und Titan in die Foltervorfälle im Abu-Ghraib-Gefängnis verstrickt. Aber auch Privatunternehmen greifen mittlerweile gerne auf die Dienste von PMF zurück. ...
Nach dem US-Kontingent, das im Dezember 2004 auf 150.000 Soldaten erhöht wurde, stellen die von den privaten Militärdienstleistern (PMC) gestellten Truppen die zweitstärkste "Armee" im Irak. Laut Angaben des PMC Custer Battles stehen über 30.000 Iraker und "viele Tausend andere" im Dienste von PMCs. Die Zahl der für PMCs aktiven Ausländer wird in verschiedenen Quellen auf 6.000 bis 20.000 geschätzt. Schon bei der Invasion im März 2003 wurden viele der hochentwickelten Waffensysteme auf den Kriegsschiffen im Golf von Spezialisten vier verschiedener PMCs bedient, ebenso die Waffensysteme der Predator-Drohnen, Global Hawks und B-2 Stealth-Bomber. Im Irak obliegt es Mitarbeitern von PMCs Patrouille zu laufen, Gebäude und Infrastruktur zu bewachen und für irakische sowie US-Vertreter die Leibwachen zu stellen. Selbst das Personal in den irakischen Militärgefängnissen stammt von privaten Sicherheitsdiensten. So waren auch Mitarbeiter der privaten Sicherheitsdienste Caci und Titan in die Foltervorfälle im Abu-Ghraib-Gefängnis verstrickt. Aber auch Privatunternehmen greifen im Irak auf die Dienste von PMCs zurück.
A sociedade como um todo vivencia uma crise de ordem ética, mas de uma ética, sobretudo, coletiva. As “pequenas” barbáries instalam-se silenciosamente na sociedade, fomentadas por um sistema econômico que, na sua raiz, é excludente e implacável com aqueles que não se enquadram de alguma forma nele. As pequenas banalizações das injustiças criam elementos que alertam para a possibilidade de que Auschwitz se repita, medo presente e evidenciado por Adorno nas suas obras mais importantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho são responder aos seguintes questionamentos: 1) como traduzir para o dia-a-dia da educação a desconstrução da cultura de violência e preconceito que avança em todo o mundo? 2) Como trabalhar uma pedagogia da imaginação, que seja, antes de mais nada, a condição de imaginar o outro, de imaginar-se no lugar do outro? 3) Quais as bases epistemológicas norteadoras de tal objetivo? Para tanto, verificar-se-á que, por meio da pedagogia do antipreconceito, fundamentada sobretudo no pensamento de Adorno, de Horkheimer e de Marcuse, é possível promover a interdisciplinaridade que aproxime razão de afeto e que denuncie a negação do preconceito, esclarecendo, ainda, que para se fazer uma sociedade mais humanizada torna-se impositivo passar pela desconstrução, pela compreensão e pela reconstrução da educação. Entender e esclarecer como o homem médio viabiliza as posturas excludentes e preconceituosas, impostas tanto pela condição humana quanto pelo capitalismo contemporâneo, no cotidiano da educação constitui uma de suas metas. Enfim, o trabalho propõe-se afirmar a possibilidade de uma ética para a sociedade tecnológica e de semiformação, fundamentada na pedagogia do antipreconceito, cuja finalidade seja a formação de sujeitos conscientes das limitações da ciência e do uso da tecnologia para impedir a barbárie, cuja bandeira seja a do combate à intolerância e às violências e o instrumento principal seja a imaginação.
The tumor necrosis factor family member Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas receptor-expressing target cells and is an important cytotoxic effector molecule used by CTL- and NK-cells. In these hematopoietic cells, newly synthesized FasL is stored in specialized secretory lysosomes and only delivered to the cell surface upon activation and target cell recognition. FasL contains an 80-amino acid-long cytoplasmic tail, which includes a proline-rich domain as a bona fide Src homology 3 domain-binding site. This proline-rich domain has been implicated in FasL sorting to secretory lysosomes, and it may also be important for reverse signaling via FasL, which has been described to influence T-cell activation. Here we report the identification of the Src homology 3 domain-containing adaptor protein PSTPIP as a FasL-interacting partner, which binds to the proline-rich domain. PSTPIP co-expression leads to an increased intracellular localization of Fas ligand, thereby regulating extracellular availability and cytotoxic activity of the molecule. In addition, we demonstrate recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST by PSTPIP into FasL·PSTPIP·PTP-PEST complexes which may contribute to FasL reverse signaling.
In Namibia, der ehemaligen deutschen Kolonie Südwestafrika, findet alljährlich ein großes Spektakel statt: Die Gemeinde der deutschen Namibier feiert in der Hauptstadt Windhoek Karneval. Während dieser "fünften Jahreszeit", die nota bene in den Monat Mai fällt, geht es ähnlich närrisch wie in Deutschland zu. Es gibt eine Karnevalsgesellschaft, ein Prinzenpaar nebst Prinzengarde, Festsitzungen mit Büttenreden und natürlich einen Straßenumzug. In den letzten Jahren nahmen daran im Schnitt an die 30 Wagen teil, von denen es "Kamelle" und "Strüßche" regnete ("Bonbons" und "kleine Blumengebinde"). Die "tollen Tage" von Windhoek sind eine Miniaturausgabe des Kölner Modells. Für einige Tage dreht sich alles um Tanz und Tabubruch. ...