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The oncogenic transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is overactivated in malignant glioma and plays a key role in promoting cell survival, thereby increasing the acquired apoptosis resistance of these tumors. Here we investigated the STAT3/myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) signaling pathway as a target to overcome the resistance of glioma cells to the Bcl-2-inhibiting synthetic BH3 mimetic ABT-737. Stable lentiviral knockdown of MCL1 sensitized LN229 and U87 glioma cells to apoptotic cell death induced by single-agent treatment with ABT-737 which was associated with an early activation of DEVDase activity, cytochrome c release, and nuclear apoptosis. Similar sensitizing effects were observed when ABT-737 treatment was combined with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib which effectively suppressed levels of phosphorylated STAT3 and MCL1 in MCL1-proficient LN229 and U87 glioma cells. In analogous fashion, these synergistic effects were observed when we combined ABT-737 with the STAT3 inhibitor WP-1066. Lentiviral knockdown of the activating transcription factor 5 combined with subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that sorafenib-dependent suppression of MCL1 occurred at the transcriptional level but did not depend on activating transcription factor 5 which previously had been proposed to be essential for MCL1-dependent glioma cell survival. In contrast, the constitutively active STAT3 mutant STAT3-C was able to significantly enhance MCL1 levels under sorafenib treatment to retain cell survival. Collectively, these data demonstrate that sorafenib targets MCL1 in a STAT3-dependent manner, thereby sensitizing glioma cells to treatment with ABT-737. They also suggest that targeting STAT3 in combination with inducers of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis may be a promising novel strategy for the treatment of malignant glioma.
Die Sepsis ist mit einer hohen Letalität im Krankenhaus verbunden. Ein wesentlicher Auslöser der Sepsis ist das Endotoxin. Es führt zu Entzündungsreaktionen im Organismus mit Ausbildung eines septischen Schocks bis hin zum Multiorganversagen. Zudem führt es zu Veränderungen im Gerinnungssystem mit unterschiedlich schweren Ausprägungen. Das Endotoxin wird physiologisch im menschlichen Körper durch IgM neutralisiert. In dieser Studie wurde der Effekt von IgM angereichertem intravenösen Immunglobulin auf die Endotoxinaktivität untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden die Auswirkungen einer IgM-IVIg-Therapie auf Entzündungsparameter und auf viskoelastische und konventionelle Gerinnungsparameter betrachtet. Patienten mit schwerer Sepsis und septischem Schock auf einer anästhesiologisch-chirurgischen Intensivstation wurden rekrutiert. Nach dem Studieneinschluss von 15 Patienten erfolgte die Implementierung einer neuen SOP, in der die Anwendung von IgM-IVIg (5g/kg/d für 3 Tage) integriert wurde. Daraus bildeten sich eine Kontroll- und eine IgM-IVIg Gruppe. Der Beobachtungszeitraum umfasste 4 Tage. Es wurde der Endotoxin Activity Assay® (EAA®) zur Messung der Endotoxinaktivität an Vollblutproben durchgeführt. Die durchgeführte Rotationsthrombelastometrie ROTEM® diente neben der Messung der Gerinnungszeiten auch zur Erfassung der mechanischen und zeitlichen Stabilität eines Blutgerinnsels. Als Maß für die Aggregation von Thrombozyten diente die Impedanzaggregometrie Multiplate®. Die Routinelaborparameter wurden nach allgemeinem Standard erhoben. Eingeschlossen wurden die Daten von 26 Patienten. Die IgM-IVIg-Gruppe zeigte am ersten Tag, 6 und 12 Stunden nach Behandlungsbeginn, eine Reduktion der Endotoxinaktivität (0,51±0,06 vs. 0,26±0,07, p<0,05) und unterschied sich signifikant im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe 6 Stunden nach Behandlungsbeginn (0,26±0,07 vs. 0,43±0,07, p<0,05). Die Thrombozytenzahl war signifikant höher in der IgM-IVIg- Gruppe im Beobachtungszeitraum (200/nl±43 vs. 87/nl±20, p<0,05). Die Fibrinogenkonzentration war in der Kontrollgruppe am zweiten (311mg/dl±37 vs. 475mg/dl±47 (p=0,015)) und am vierten Tag (307mg/dl±35 vs. 420mg/dl±16 (p=0,017)) signifikant niedriger. Es konnten keine Unterschiede in den thromboelastometrischen oder aggregometrischen Untersuchungen, oder bei den Entzündungsparametern beobachtet werden. Die präsentierten Ergebnisse müssen aufgrund der geringen Stichprobengröße sorgsam interpretiert werden. Dennoch könnten die Ergebnisse die Basis für weitere Studien in der Zukunft sein, die auf IgM-IVIg als eine therapeutische Option bei Patienten mit einer hohen Endotoxinaktivität abzielen. In der vorliegenden Studie fanden wir Hinweise, dass eine IgM-IVIg-Therapie bei Patienten mit schwerer Sepsis und septischem Schock die Endotoxinaktivität vermindert. Zudem scheint IgM-IVIg bei o.g. Patienten eine pathognomonische Thrombozytopenie positiv zu modelieren.
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the last enzyme of the respiratory chain of aerobic organisms, catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It is a redox-linked proton pump, whose mechanism of proton pumping has been controversially discussed, and the coupling of proton and electron transfer is still not understood. Here, we investigated the kinetics of proton transfer reactions following the injection of a single electron into the fully oxidized enzyme and its transfer to the hemes using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy and pH indicator dyes. By comparison of proton uptake and release kinetics observed for solubilized COX and COX-containing liposomes, we conclude that the 1-μs electron injection into CuA, close to the positive membrane side (P-side) of the enzyme, already results in proton uptake from both the P-side and the N (negative)-side (1.5 H+/COX and 1 H+/COX, respectively). The subsequent 10-μs transfer of the electron to heme a is accompanied by the release of 1 proton from the P-side to the aqueous bulk phase, leaving ∼0.5 H+/COX at this side to electrostatically compensate the charge of the electron. With ∼200 μs, all but 0.4 H+ at the N-side are released to the bulk phase, and the remaining proton is transferred toward the hemes to a so-called “pump site.” Thus, this proton may already be taken up by the enzyme as early as during the first electron transfer to CuA. These results support the idea of a proton-collecting antenna, switched on by electron injection.
Investigation of the kinematics involved in compton scattering and hard X-ray photoabsorption
(2023)
The present work investigates the kinematics of Compton scattering at gaseous, internally-cool helium and molecular nitrogen targets in the high- and the low-energy regime. Additionally, photoionization at molecular nitrogen with high-energy photons is investigated. These exeprimental regimes were previously inaccessible due to the extremely small cross sections involved. Nowadays, the third- and fourth-generation synchrotron machines produce sufficient photon flux, enabling the investiagtion of the above processes. The utilized cold-target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) technique further increases the detection efficiency of the observed processes, since it enables full-solid-angle detection by exploiting momentum conservation.
Compton scattering is investigated at both high (helium and N2) and low (helium) photon energies. In the high-energy regime, the impulse approximation is mostly valid, which is not the case for the low-energy regime. The impulse approximation assumes that the Compton-scattering process takes place at a free electron with a momentum distribution as if it was bound, thus ignoring the binding energy of the system. In the low-energy regime, the impulse approximation is not valid.
Photoionization is investigated at high photon energies, where the linear momentum of the photon cannot be neglected, as is the fashion of the commonly used dipole approximation.
Tinnitus is a symptom experienced by most people at least once in their lifetime. In most documented cases, a new onset of chronic tinnitus can be chronologically correlated with hearing loss. However, tinnitus can also occur in people with (apparently) normal hearing and remains without a traceable preceding cause. Despite the frequency of occurrence of tinnitus, the pathophysiological mechanisms are still not fully understood. A currently proposed hypothesis focuses on a "hidden" hearing loss called synaptopathy as a pathomechanism of tinnitus in normal hearing subjects. In the present study, the objective was to test whether finestructure audiometry or measurement of otoacoustic emissions can reveal possibly overlooked hearing impairment in presumed normalhearing individuals with chronic tinnitus. Thus, a hearing loss not audiologically detectable by the usual methods would supplement or replace the presumed synaptopathic pathomechanism. Another objective was to attempt to replicate the existing findings of another research group on synaptopathy as cause for tinnitus in normal hearing people. Schaette and McAlpine (2011) were able to demonstrate a significant difference in wave I amplitudes between groups of normal hearing subjects with and without chronic tinnitus by deriving clickevoked auditory brainstem potentials, thus supporting the hypothesis of synaptopathy18.
For the present study, a cohort of normal-hearing subjects consisting of a group of tinnitus subjects (N = 15) and a control group (N = 14) was tested. Manual puretone audiometry with 11 test frequencies was conducted to determine hearing performance. Inclusion criteria were defined as air conducted hearing thresholds of 10 dB HL or lower. A deviation at a test frequency of 15 dB HL or less was tolerated. Data of tinnitus characteristics, such as pitch and intensity, were collected by presentation and matching of comparative tones, quality and subjective disturbance by questionnaire. Furthermore, data was obtained from both test groups by Békésy gliding frequency audiometry (794 test frequencies), as well as DPOAE measurement (36 test frequencies) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry (derivation of early auditory evoked potentials). The results showed a correlation of the determined tinnitus comparison pitch with the frequency location of the largest deviation (impairment) from the normal hearing curve in the Békésy gliding frequency audiometry (p = 0.032). All further analyses of the finestructure hearing curve (steepness of hearing loss, slope, number of hearing loss dips) showed no statistically significant relationship between the morphology of the fine-structure hearing curve and tinnitus characteristics. Finestructure measurement revealed areas of hearing loss that were not mapped in manual puretone audiometry. These "undetected" hearing losses would have led to the exclusion of 12 of 29 subjects (41.4 %) if the finestructure hearing curve had been used as an inclusion criterion. A direct comparison of the mean finestructure hearing curves of both test groups showed a statistically significant better mean hearing performance of the tinnitus group (p < 0.05) in 3 different test frequency ranges (1.5 kHz, 3 kHz, 7 kHz) with a maximum of 4 dB HL. Analy-sis of the mean amplitudes of wave I of the ABRs showed, contrary to expectation, a weak trend toward higher amplitudes in the tinnitus group (p = 0.06). According to Schaette and McAlpine (2011), synaptopathy pathogenesis should have resulted in an opposite trend, i.e., a decrease in wave I amplitude in the tinnitus group. As a secondary finding, a weak trend between wave I amplitude and subjectively perceived disturbance of tinnitus was demonstrated (p = 0.06). Statistical analysis of the parameters determined from the DPOAE measurements did not reveal any significant differences between the tinnitus group and control group. Direct comparison of the DPOAE and finestructure hearing curves, revealed a significant difference in the differences of the frequencyspecific measurements around 2.4 kHz (p = 0.007).
The results of the study suggest that in previous studies with supposedly normal hearing tinnitus subjects there were unrecognized hearing losses that either went unrecognized by the screening by manual puretone audiometry, or subjects with previously aboveaverage hearing experienced a subtle spontaneous decrease in their hearing as tinnitus pathogenesis. This assumption is also supported by the fact that there is a significant correlation between the frequency range of the greatest hearing loss in the finestructure hearing curves and the tinnitus frequency.
The suspected pathomechanism of synaptopathy in "normal hearing" subjects with tinnitus could not be confirmed. The correlation between wave I amplitudes and subjectively perceived disturbance by tinnitus, indicated by the data of this study, should be investigated in more detail in future studies. Further research with more accurate measurement methods and larger subject groups is needed to clarify the hypothesis "Genesis of chronic subjective tinnitus without hearing loss".