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Introduction: In this article the personal study and life situation of parents who are also medical students at the Medical School of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main is discussed. There is a special focus on the topics "studying with children" and "family-friendly university", which have been present in discussions about university development and in the daily life of academics, especially during the last decade. The workgroup "Individual Student Services" at the medical faculty at the Goethe University tries to meet the necessities of the individual study courses and to support the study success with a new counselling and student service concept.
Methods: The experience of parents studying medicine was recorded in semi-structured interviews (Date: April 2010), which were held as part of the sponsored pilot project on part-time medical studies ("Pilot Project Part-time Medical Studies"). Additionally, study results from the Medical School of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main were integrated as well as a literature analysis.
Results: It was found that the teaching demands and support services, which have been suggested and needed for years now, have been partially implemented and are without sufficient support at the faculty level to date. Thus the current situation of medical students with children is still difficult and seems a big challenge for everyone involved.
Solution: As part of the "Individual Student Services" a new pilot project on part-time medical studies was established in November 2009. Only the use of new, unconventional and innovative ideas allows universities to adequately support the changing and heterogeneous student population and support them to successfully completing their medical studies.
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the tonsil
(2013)
Background: Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a classical tumor-associated, immune-mediated disease typically associated with gynecological malignancies, small-cell lung-cancer or lymphoma.
Case presentation: Here we present the case of a 38-year old male with an over 12 months rapidly progressive cerebellar syndrome. Extensive diagnostic workup revealed selective hypermetabolism of the right tonsil in whole-body PET. Histological examination after tonsillectomy demonstrated a lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the tonsil and the tongue base strongly suggesting a paraneoplastic cause of the cerebellar syndrome. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of an association of a lymphoepithelial carcinoma, a rare pharyngeal tumor, with PCD.
Conclusions: In cases of classical paraneoplastic syndromes an extensive search for neoplasms should be performed including whole-body PET to detect tumors early in the course of the disease.
Biophysical parameters can accelerate drug development; e.g., rigid ligands may reduce entropic penalty and improve binding affinity. We studied systematically the impact of ligand rigidification on thermodynamics using a series of fasudil derivatives inhibiting protein kinase A by crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular dynamics simulations. The ligands varied in their internal degrees of freedom but conserve the number of heteroatoms. Counterintuitively, the most flexible ligand displays the entropically most favored binding. As experiment shows, this cannot be explained by higher residual flexibility of ligand, protein, or formed complex nor by a deviating or increased release of water molecules upon complex formation. NMR and crystal structures show no differences in flexibility and water release, although strong ligand-induced adaptations are observed. Instead, the flexible ligand entraps more efficiently water molecules in solution prior to protein binding, and by release of these waters, the favored entropic binding is observed.
Background: From 2008–2013, the European indication for panitumumab required that patients' tumor KRAS exon 2 mutation status was known prior to starting treatment. To evaluate physician awareness of panitumumab prescribing information and how physicians prescribe panitumumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), two European multi-country, cross-sectional, observational studies were initiated in 2012: a physician survey and a medical records review. The first two out of three planned rounds for each study are reported.
Methods: The primary objective in the physician survey was to estimate the prevalence of KRAS testing, and in the medical records review, it was to evaluate the effect of test results on patterns of panitumumab use. The medical records review study also included a pathologists' survey.
Results: In the physician survey, nearly all oncologists (299/301) were aware of the correct panitumumab indication and the need to test patients' tumor KRAS status before treatment with panitumumab. Nearly all oncologists (283/301) had in the past 6 months of clinical practice administered panitumumab correctly to mCRC patients with wild-type KRAS status. In the medical records review, 97.5% of participating oncologists (77/79) conducted a KRAS test for all of their patients prior to prescribing panitumumab. Four patients (1.3%) did not have tumor KRAS mutation status tested prior to starting panitumumab treatment. Approximately one-quarter of patients (85/306) were treated with panitumumab and concurrent oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy; of these, 83/85 had confirmed wild-type KRAS status prior to starting panitumumab treatment. All 56 referred laboratories that participated used a Conformité Européenne-marked or otherwise validated KRAS detection method, and nearly all (55/56) participated in a quality assurance scheme.
Conclusions: There was a high level of knowledge amongst oncologists around panitumumab prescribing information and the need to test and confirm patients' tumors as being wild-type KRAS prior to treatment with panitumumab, with or without concurrent oxaliplatin-containing therapy.
Pancreatic resections for advanced M1-pancreatic carcinoma : the value of synchronous metastasectomy
(2010)
Background: For M1 pancreatic adenocarcinomas pancreatic resection is usually not indicated. However, in highly selected patients synchronous metastasectomy may be appropriate together with pancreatic resection when operative morbidity is low.
Materials and Methods: From January 1, 2004 to December, 2007 a total of 20 patients with pancreatic malignancies were retrospectively evaluated who underwent pancreatic surgery with synchronous resection of hepatic, adjacent organ, or peritoneal metastases for proven UICC stage IV periampullary cancer of the pancreas. Perioperative as well as clinicopathological parameters were evaluated.
Results: There were 20 patients (9 men, 11 women; mean age 58 years) identified. The primary tumor was located in the pancreatic head (n=9, 45%), in pancreatic tail (n=9, 45%), and in the papilla Vateri (n=2, 10%). Metastases were located in the liver (n=14, 70%), peritoneum (n=5, 25%), and omentum majus (n=2, 10%). Lymphnode metastases were present in 16 patients (80%). All patients received resection of their tumors together with metastasectomy. Pylorus preserving duodenopancreatectomy was performed in 8 patients, distal pancreatectomy in 8, duodenopancreatectomy in 2, and total pancreatectomy in 2. Morbidity was 45% and there was no perioperative mortality. Median postoperative survival was 10.7 months (2.6–37.7 months) which was not significantly different from a matched-pair group of patients who underwent pancreatic resection for UICC adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (median survival 15.6 months; =.1).
Conclusion: Pancreatic resection for M1 periampullary cancer of the pancreas can be performed safely in well-selected patients. However, indication for surgery has to be made on an individual basis.
The PI3K/mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is often aberrantly activated in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and represents a promising therapeutic target. Recent evaluation of AZD8055, an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor, by the Preclinical Pediatric Testing Program showed in vivo antitumor activity against childhood solid tumors, including RMS. Therefore, in the present study, we searched for AZD8055-based combination therapies. Here, we identify a new synergistic lethality of AZD8055 together with ABT-737, a BH3 mimetic that antagonizes Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w but not Mcl-1. AZD8055 and ABT-737 cooperate to induce apoptosis in alveolar and embryonal RMS cells in a highly synergistic fashion (combination index < 0.2). Synergistic induction of apoptosis by AZD8055 and ABT-737 is confirmed on the molecular level, as AZD8055 and ABT-737 cooperate to trigger loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases, and caspase-dependent apoptosis that is blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. Similar to AZD8055, the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235, the PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 and Akt inhibitor synergize with ABT-737 to trigger apoptosis, whereas no cooperativity is found for the mTOR complex 1 inhibitor RAD001. Interestingly, molecular studies reveal a correlation between the ability of different PI3K/mTOR inhibitors to potentiate ABT-737-induced apoptosis and to suppress Mcl-1 protein levels. Importantly, knockdown of Mcl-1 increases ABT-737-induced apoptosis similar to AZD8055/ABT-737 cotreatment. This indicates that AZD8055-mediated suppression of Mcl-1 protein plays an important role in the synergistic drug interaction. By identifying a novel synergistic interaction of AZD8055 and ABT-737, our findings have important implications for the development of molecular targeted therapies for RMS.
Die Behandlungsoptionen für Tumorerkrankungen haben sich in den letzten Jahren stetig weiter entwickelt und verbessert und dadurch teilweise zu einer längeren Überlebenszeit der Betroffenen geführt. Dennoch bleiben viele Erkrankte weiterhin ungeheilt. Diese Patienten benötigen eine palliative Behandlung, die vor allem ihre Lebensqualität in der verbleibenden Lebenszeit verbessert und ihnen - soweit realisierbar - ein Sterben zu Hause ermöglicht. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurden retrospektiv 360 Akten von Patienten, die in der chirurgisch-onkologischen Ambulanz der Universitätsklinik behandelt wurden und die im Zeitraum von 1992-1998 verstarben, auf ihren Sterbeort und auf Faktoren, die einen Einfluss auf ein Versterben im häuslichen Umfeld möglich gemacht hatten, untersucht. Die überwiegende Anzahl der Patienten litt an Dickdarmtumoren (55%) und hepatozellulären Karzinomen (24,2%). 62,2% der Patienten waren Männer und 37,8% Frauen. Das Alter der Patienten lag im Mittel bei 61,7 Jahren. Die Betreuungszeit in der chirurgisch-onkologischen Ambulanz betrug im Mittel 12,5 Monate. Bei 82,5% der Patienten lagen Metastasen vor, 80% erhielten eine Chemotherapie an der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt. Der überwiegende Anteil der Patienten verstarb zu Hause (47,5%). 41,9% der Patienten verstarben in einer Klinik (weniger als für diese Zeit im Bundesmittel mit 47,1%), 4,4% in einem Hospiz oder Pflegeheim und bei 6,1% konnte der Sterbeort nicht aufgeklärt werden. An Faktoren, die einen Einfluss auf die Möglichkeit zu Hause zu versterben hatten, fanden sich: die familiäre Einbindung, die Schwere der Symptomlast und die Einbeziehung von Angehörigen. Es konnten deutliche Hinweise festgestellt werden, dass Überlastungssituationen von Angehörigen eine ambulante Betreuung deutlich erschwerten und z. B. zu überstürzten Klinikeinweisungen führen konnten. Patienten, die zu Hause verstarben, mussten nach Ende der Chemotherapie seltener stationäre Behandlungen in Anspruch nehmen (12,9%), bei den in einer Klinik Verstorbenen waren es 51,7%. Bei den zu Hause Verstorbenen standen Operationsindikationen und abdominelle Symptome im Vordergrund. Bei den in einer Klinik Verstorbenen fanden sich mehr Faktoren, die in einem Progress der Erkrankung begründet waren und in ambulant schwerer zu beherrschenden Symptomen wie Atemnot, Infektionen, Fieber und Bewusstseinsveränderungen. Nur in dieser Gruppe fanden sich Einweisungen im präfinalen Zustand, am ehesten bei unzureichender Versorgungslage. Pflegebedürftigkeit im Sinne einer bewilligten Pflegestufe fand sich bei 13,6% der zu Hause Verstorbenen und nur bei 2,5% der in einer Klinik Verstorbenen. Der Zeitraum zwischen Eintreten von Pflegebedürftigkeit und dem Versterben betrug in der Subgruppe zu Hause im Mittel 1,6 Monate, in der Subgruppe Klinik nur 0,5 Monate, so dass in der letzteren Gruppe kaum Handlungsspielräume für die Organisation einer angemessenen Betreuung bestanden. Bei 39,8% der zu Hause Verstorbenen wurden Angehörigengespräche geführt, teilweise auch tägliche Telefonate, bei den in einer Klinik Verstorbenen war dies nur zu 27,8% der Fall. Nur 5 Patienten aus dem Gesamtkollektiv, die zur Subgruppe „zu Hause“ gehören, wirkten lebensfroh und aktiv. Bei den meisten Patienten fanden sich Hinweise auf psychische Belastungen, am häufigsten in Form von depressiven Verstimmungen, gefolgt von Ängsten. Auch die Angehörigen wirkten sehr belastet, teilweise überfordert. Bei vielen Angehörigen zeigte sich im Zusammenhang mit Telefonaten im Rahmen der Recherche für diese Arbeit ein deutlicher Gesprächsbedarf noch Jahre nach dem Verlust und es fanden sich Anzeichen auf fortbestehende Trauer. Eine hohe Verfügbarkeit von Ärzten in Kontakten zu Patienten, Angehörigen und weiteren an der Behandlung beteiligten Gruppen kann wesentlich dazu beitragen, dass Patienten zu Hause versterben können. Herausforderungen für die weitere palliativmedizinische Entwicklung liegen insbesondere in den Bereichen Verbesserung der Lebensqualität, Symptomkontrolle, Einbeziehung der Angehörigen und kommunikative Kompetenzen. Es gilt psychische Belastungen bei den Patienten und ihren Angehörigen zu erkennen und frühzeitig z. B. psychotherapeutisch zu behandeln. Der Bedarf, Angehörige über den Tod des Betroffenen hinaus zu begleiten, ist bei weitem noch nicht gedeckt. Handlungsnotwendigkeit besteht auch darin, Formalia z. B. für die Anerkennung einer Pflegestufe an den sehr variablen Krankheitsverlauf von Krebskranken anzupassen, um frühzeitig Handlungsspielräume für alle Beteiligten zu schaffen. Die demographische Entwicklung mit einem Überwiegen an älteren, erfahrungsgemäß multimorbiden Menschen, bedeutet eine große gesellschaftliche und palliativmedizinische Herausforderung, um flächendeckend tragfähige soziale Netzwerke und palliativmedizinische Versorgungsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung zu haben.
Background: Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG) has been introduced to abstain from median sternotomy due to related comorbidities. The aim of this study is to report the long term results of three different MICS CABG strategies: Partial lower sternotomy (PLS), totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (TECAB) and anterolateral thoracotomy (ALT). Moreover we aimed to compare these surgical approaches in terms of quality of pain and pain intensity.
Methods: From 1997 to 2006, 126 patients underwent MICS CABG surgeries in our department through different surgical approaches: 43 PLS, 63 TECAB and 20 ALT. Preoperative characteristics were similar between groups. There were 90 males (71.4%) and 36 (28.6%) females with a mean age of 62±11 years (Range 36 to 90).
Results: There was no in-hospital mortality. Conversion to minithoracotomy was necessary in 2 (1.6%) patients and conversion to sternotomy was performed in 1 (0.8%) patient. Length of hospital stay was comparable in patients who underwent PLS or TECAB, but both groups had significantly shorter hospital stays than ALT patients (p<0.05). Two patients in group ALT developed temporary neurological complications postoperatively, which was significantly higher than that in groups TECAB (n=0) and PLS (n=0) (p<0.05). Mean follow-up was 12.2±2.1 (range 7.2 to 16.1) years with completed in 81.7 % of the patients. There were 17 late deaths. Freedom from graft problems was 87.5%, 86.5% and 94.7%; freedom from percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) was 78.1%, 82.7% and 68.4% and freedom from Re-CABG was 100%, 96.1% and 94.7% in PLS, TECAB and ALT group, respectively. Pain intensity was similar between all three groups.
Conclusion: MICS CABG can be performed safely and effectively. Short and long-term outcomes of MICS CABG are comparable with those of the conventional CABG. There were no major differences regarding pain intensity between all three groups, although all three minimally invasive techniques have completely different surgical accesses.