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Pathologic data indicate that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection might be associated with the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. However, no definitive evidence of a causal link between HCMV infection and cancer dissemination has been established to date. This study describes the modulation of the invasive behavior of NCAM-expressing tumor cell lines by HCMV. Neuroblastoma (NB) cells, persistently infected with the HCMV strain AD169 (UKF-NB-4AD169 and MHH-NB-11AD169), were added to endothelial cell monolayers and adhesion and penetration kinetics were measured. The 140- and 180-kDa isoforms of the adhesion receptor NCAM were evaluated by flow cytometry, Western blot, and reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The relevance of NCAM for tumor cell binding was proven by treating NB with NCAM antisense oligonucleotides or NCAM transfection. HCMV infection profoundly increased the number of adherent and penetrated NB, compared to controls. Surface expression of NCAM was significantly lower on UKF-NB-4AD169 and MHH-NB-11AD169, compared to mock-infected cells. Western-blot and RT-PCR demonstrated reduced protein and RNA levels of the 140- and 180-kDa isoform. An inverse correlation between NCAM expression and adhesion capacity of NB has been shown by antisense and transfection experiments. We conclude that HCMV infection leads to downregulation of NCAM receptors, which is associated with enhanced tumor cell invasiveness.
The development of image-guided neurosurgery represents a substantial improvement in the microsurgical treatment of tumors, vascular malformations and other intracranial lesions. Despite the wide applicability and many fascinating aspects of image-guided navigation systems, a major drawback of this technology is they use images, mainly MRI pictures, acquired preoperatively, on which the planning of the operative procedure as well as its intraoperative performance is based. As dynamic changes of the intracranial contents regularly occur during the surgical procedure, the surgeon is faced with a continuously changing intraoperative field. Only intraoperatively acquired images will provide the neurosurgeon with the information he needs to perform real intraoperative image-guided surgery. A number of tools have been developed in recent years, like intraoperative ultrasound and dedicated moveable intraoperative CT units. Because of its excellent imaging qualities, combined with the avoidance of ionizing radiation, MRI currently is and definitely will be in the future for the superior imaging method for intraoperative image guidance. In this short overview, the development as well as some of the current and possible future applications of MRI-guided neurosurgery is outlined.
Intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy for curative treatment of head and neck cancer experienced a revival in the last decade. Mainly, it was used in concurrent combination with radiation in organ-preserving settings. The modern method of transfemoral approach for catheterisation, superselective perfusion of the tumour-feeding vessel, and high-dose (150 mg m−2) administration of cisplatin with parallel systemic neutralisation with sodium thiosulphate (9 g m−2) made preoperative usage feasible. The present paper presents the results of a pilot study on a population of 52 patients with resectable stage 1–4 carcinomas of the oral cavity and the oropharynx, who were treated with one cycle of preoperative IA chemotherapy executed as mentioned above and radical surgery. There have been no interventional complications of IA chemotherapy, and acute side effects have been low. One tracheotomy had to be carried out due to swelling. The overall clinical local response has been 69%. There was no interference with surgery, which was carried out 3–4 weeks later. Pathological complete remission was assessed in 25%. The mean observation time was 3 years. A 3-year overall and disease-free survival was 82 and 69%, respectively, and at 5 years 77 and 59%, respectively. Survival results were compared to a treatment-dependent prognosis index for the same population. As a conclusion, it can be stated that IA high-dose chemotherapy with cisplatin and systemic neutralisation in a neoadjuvant setting should be considered a feasible, safe, and effective treatment modality for resectable oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The low toxicity of this local chemotherapy recommends usage especially in stage 1–2 patients. The potential of survival benefit as indicated by the comparison to the prognosis index should be controlled in a randomised study.
In eukaryotes, double-stranded (ds) RNA induces sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression referred to as RNA interference (RNAi). We exploited RNAi to define the role of HER2/neu in the neoplastic proliferation of human breast cancer cells. We transfected SK-BR-3, BT-474, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells with short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted against human HER2/neu and analyzed the specific inhibition of HER2/neu expression by Northern and Western blots. Transfection with HER2/neu-specific siRNA resulted in a sequence-specific decrease in HER2/neu mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, transfection with HER2/neu siRNA caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 in the breast cancer cell lines SKBR-3 and BT-474, consistent with a powerful RNA silencing effect. siRNA treatment resulted in an antiproliferative and apoptotic response in cells overexpressing HER2/neu, but had no influence in cells with almost no expression of HER2/neu proteins like MDA-MB-468 cells. These data indicate that HER2/neu function is essential for the proliferation of HER2/neuoverexpressing breast cancer cells. Our observations suggest that siRNA targeted against human HER2/neu may be valuable tools as anti proliferative agents that display activity against neoplastic cells at very low doses.
Electric stimulation of the auditory nerve via cochlear implants has made the treatment of sensory deafness possible. Advanced signal processing and stimulation paradigms have led to continuously improved results in speech understanding. Consequently, indication criteria have been extended to patients with profound and severe-to-profound hearing loss and limited speech understanding with conventional acoustic amplification.
Outside this group, a considerable number of patients presents with rather wellpreserved, low frequency hearing of 30-60 dB up to 1 kHz, but severe loss in the mid to high frequency range of more than 60-70 dB. Monosyllabic word scores in these patients do not generally exceed 35%, due to missing consonant information. But, even increasing the audibility of these high frequencies by acoustic amplification still has very limited efficiency for discriminating speech, and therefore, these patients obtain only minor benefit from conventional hearing aids. On the other hand, standard cochlear implantation would carry a high risk of causing complete hearing loss. This situation has led to considering a combination of both modes of stimulation for these patients who are on the borderline between hearing aids and cochlear implant.
In our present model, the surviving low frequency region of the cochlea could still be stimulated acoustically-combined with additional electrical stimulation of the impaired mid and high frequency region of the cochlea.
Several questions still have to be answered with regard to combined electric and acoustic stimulation (EAS). The possible interaction of electric and acoustic stimuli on the different levels off the auditory system is a major issue. Animal experiments clearly demonstrate that tuning properties of auditory neurons, in response to acute acoustic stimulation, are essentially preserved in the presence of electric stimulation even at high levels of electric stimulation, and that chronic electric stimulation of tie intact inner ear does not have a significant effect on the compound action potentials (CAP) thresholds or inner ear function.
In a previous report, we were able to show that this combined F.A.S of the auditory system is possible in humans, and that it has a synergistic effect on speech understanding. Further major issues regard the surgical feasibility and reproducibility of cochlear implantation with the preservation of residual hearing.
Encouraged by our findings, a clinical study was initiated on the application of EAS. So far, seven adults have been included in this study. In addition, one child has been implanted outside the study.
Quantitative analysis of the cardiac fibroblast transcriptome implications for NO/cGMP signaling
(2004)
Cardiac fibroblasts regulate tissue repair and remodeling in the heart. To quantify transcript levels in these cells we performed a comprehensive gene expression study using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Among 110,169 sequenced tags we could identify 30,507 unique transcripts. A comparison of SAGE data from cardiac fibroblasts with data derived from total mouse heart revealed a number of fibroblast-specific genes. Cardiac fibroblasts expressed a specific collection of collagens, matrix proteins and metalloproteinases, growth factors, and components of signaling pathways. The NO/cGMP signaling pathway was represented by the mRNAs for α1 and β1 subunits of guanylyl cyclase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGK I), and, interestingly, the G-kinase-anchoring protein GKAP42. The expression of cGK I was verified by RT-PCR and Western blot. To establish a functional role for cGK I in cardiac fibroblasts we studied its effect on cell proliferation. Selective activation of cGK I with a cGMP analog inhibited the proliferation of serum-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts, which express cGK I, but not higher passage fibroblasts, which contain no detectable cGK I. Currently, our data suggest that cGK I mediates the inhibitory effects of the NO/cGMP pathway on cardiac fibroblast growth. Furthermore the SAGE library of transcripts expressed in cardiac fibroblasts provides a basis for future investigations into the pathological regulatory mechanisms underlying cardiac fibrosis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem and is predicted to become the third most common cause of death by 2020. Apart from the important preventive steps of smoking cessation, there are no other specific treatments for COPD that are as effective in reversing the condition, and therefore there is a need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that could lead to new therapeutic strategies. The development of experimental models will help to dissect these mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. COPD is a disease characterized by progressive airflow obstruction of the peripheral airways, associated with lung inflammation, emphysema and mucus hypersecretion. Different approaches to mimic COPD have been developed but are limited in comparison to models of allergic asthma. COPD models usually do not mimic the major features of human COPD and are commonly based on the induction of COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways using noxious inhalants such as tobacco smoke, nitrogen dioxide, or sulfur dioxide. Depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, these noxious stimuli induce signs of chronic inflammation and airway remodelling. Emphysema can be achieved by combining such exposure with instillation of tissue-degrading enzymes. Other approaches are based on genetically-targeted mice which develop COPD-like lesions with emphysema, and such mice provide deep insights into pathophysiological mechanisms. Future approaches should aim to mimic irreversible airflow obstruction, associated with cough and sputum production, with the possibility of inducing exacerbations.
Hydroxyethylstärke (HES) ist ein kolloidales Volumenersatzmittel, das zur Volumenbehandlung bei Trauma und bei Schock und zur Verbesserung der Rheologie bei Durchblutungsstörungen angewendet wird. Amylopektin, die Grundlage von HES, wird zur Veränderung der physikalischen Eigenschaften substituiert, um eine für die Infusion geeignete Lösung herstellen zu können. Ein wichtiger Begleiteffekt dieser Substitution ist, dass durch die dadurch erzeugten Störstellen der enzymatische Abbau der Volumenersatzmittel durch Serumglykosidasen minimiert wird. Die molekularen Eigenschaften der HES können anhand der Molekulargewichtsverteilung, beschrieben durch den Gewichtsmittelwert der Molmassen Mw, den Zahlenmittelwert der Molmassen Mn und die Molmasse im Peakmaximum Mp, sowie nach dem Ausmaß der Substitution beschrieben werden. Im Handel befindliche HES-Lösungen werden anhand des Gewichtsmittelwertes der Molmassen (Mw) und der molaren Substitution (MS) gekennzeichnet. Nach bisherigen Erkenntnissen zur Speicherung der HES in Organen stellten sich die Fragen, ob die Hypothese, dass HES durch lysosomale Enzyme abgebaut wird untermauert werden kann und ob es möglich ist, die Sicherheit der HES für die Anwendung am Patienten durch gezielte Verwendung bestimmter HES-Fraktionen zu verbessern. Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher, erstmals die Molekulargewichtsverteilung der nach Infusion von HES in Milz und Leber gespeicherten HES mittels Ausschluss-Chromatographie gekoppelt mit Mehrwinkel-Laser-Streulicht-Detektion zu bestimmen. Untersucht wurden drei handelsübliche HES-Präparate mit unterschiedlichem Mw und unterschiedlicher Substitution (die Bezeichnung schließt Mw (kDa) und MS ein): HES 130/0,4 und HES 200/0,5 sowie HES 450/0,7. Je acht Wistar-Ratten pro Versuchsgruppe erhielten 18 ml HES infundiert. Die Organe wurden für die Molmassenbestimmung bis zu fünfzig Tagen nach Infusion entnommen. Die Hämoglobinkonzentrationen und Hämatokritwerte bei den Blutabnahmen in den ersten 48 Stunden wurden ermittelt und gaben Aufschluss über die Hämodilution. Als wichtigstes Ergebnis wurde eine unterschiedliche Molmassenverteilung der HES aus Milz und Leber festgestellt. In der Leber werden vorwiegend niedermolekulare Anteile gespeichert. Das Mw der HES in der Leber lag direkt nach Infusion bei 89.606±8.570 (HES 450/0,7), 20.038±1.600 (HES 200/0,5) und 23.769±2.489 (HES 130/0,4). Im Verlauf der Untersuchungen stieg das Mw in der Leber bis maximal Tag 5 (HES 450/0,7) nach Infusion zwar an, fiel dann aber bei den weiteren Bestimmungen nach mehr als 5 Tagen wieder ab. Das Peakmaximum der Molmassenverteilung der HES in der Leber blieb dabei größtenteils konstant (HES 450/0,7: ~60 kDa; HES 200/0,5: ~30 kDa; HES 130/0,4: ~30 kDa). Die Molmassenverteilung der Milz wies hingegen hochmolekulare HES auf, wobei die Molmassen im Verlauf der Zeit noch zunahmen. Das Mw nach Infusion von HES 450/0,7 stieg dabei von 148.220 Da auf 229.617 Da im Mittel an. Möglicherweise erfolgt in der Milz vor allem eine Speicherung schwer zu spaltender HES. In der Leber konnte nach Infusion aller HES-Präparate und bereits unmittelbar nach Infusion HES gefunden werden. In der Milz war nur nach Infusion der hochmolekularen, hochsubstituierten HES 450/0,7 und der mittelmolekularen, mittelsubstituierten HES 200/0,5 gespeicherte HES nachzuweisen. Nach Infusion der HES 200/0,5 war dabei nur vereinzelt und erst ab einem Tag HES in der Milz auszumachen. In der Leber war die Speicherung der HES 450/0,7 ebenfalls am längsten festzustellen, während bei HES 130/0,4 die Speicherung in der Leber nur bis 3 Tage nach Infusion bestand. Der Verlauf der Molmassenverteilung in der Leber deutet auf einen intrazellulären Abbau der HES durch lysosomale Enzyme hin, während in der Milz über einen langen Zeitraum nicht gespaltene hochmolekulare HES angereichert wird. Die niedermolekulare, niedrigsubstituierte HES ist hinsichtlich der vorhersehbaren Dauer der Speicherung als besonders günstig anzusehen. In der Leber werden jedoch bei allen HES-Präparaten niedermolekulare Anteile in Konkurrenz zur renalen Elimination aufgenommen. Daher ist die wiederholte, hochdosierte Anwendung von HES bei dekompensierter Niereninsuffizienz aufgrund der Gefahr einer mechanischen Beeinträchtigung der Leber durch dort kumulierte HES stets kritisch zu betrachten.