Weitere biologische Literatur (eingeschränkter Zugriff)
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The higher classification of the Nocluoidea (Oenosandridae, Doidae, Notodontidae, Strepsimanidae, Nolidae, lymanlriidae, Arctiidae, Erebidae, Micronoctuidae, and Noctuidae) is reviewed from the perspective of the classification proposed by KITCHING and RAWLINS (1998). Several taxa are reinstated, described as new, synonymised, or redescribed. Some characters that have been inadequately described, poorly understood, or misinterpreted, are redescribed and discussed. One family, two subfamilies, four tribes, and three subtribes are proposed as new. Available family-group names of Noctuoidea are listed In an appendix.
Maintenance of genomic integrity is essential to avoid cellular transformation, neoplasia, or cell death. DNA synthesis, mitosis, and cytokinesis are important cellular processes required for cell division and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis; they are governed by many extra- and intra-cellular stimuli. Progression of normal cell division depends on cyclin interaction with cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) and the degradation of cyclins before chromosomal segregation through ubiquitination. Multiple checkpoints exist and are conserved in the cell cycle in higher eukaryotes to ensure that if one fails, others will take care of genomic integrity and cell survival. Many genes act as either positive or negative regulators of checkpoint function through different kinase cascades, delaying cell cycle progression to repair the DNA lesions and breaks, and assuring equal segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells. Understanding the checkpoint pathways and genes involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and cell division events in normal and cancer cells, provides information about cancer predisposition, and suggests design of small molecules and other strategies for cancer therapy. Key Words: ATM-ATR; ATM/ATR; Aurora kinases; BRCAl; Cdc6; Cdc25; Cdc27-Cdc20/CdhI; Cell cycle; CENP-E; centrosome; checkpoint; Chkl/Chk2; cyc1in-Cdk; cyclindependent kinase inhibitors (CKI); hATRIP; Mad/Bub; MCM; MgcRacGAP; microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs); mitotic exit network (MEN); Mpsl; NIMA kinases; ORC; p53; PCNA; PBK-Akt; Plk; Rad50-Nbsl-Mrell; Ran-GTP; Ras; RB-E2F; SMC; Teml.
Classical mutagenesis
(1992)
Classical genetic analyses require the presence of at least two different alleles per locus. Until the mid 1920's for the different alleles the investigators had to rely on spontaneous mutations. Since then mutagenic agents (mutagens) became available and these discoveries greatly enhanced the power of genetic analyses. Mutation is defined here as a heritable chemical alteration within the gene or the mutation process bringing about the change. Mutant is the individual (cell) containing the mutation. Point mutations are assumed to be free of loss, gain or rearrangement within the nucleotide sequence. Fonvard mutations are changes from the wild type allele (the allele predominant in wild populations) to a new allele, and the reverse process is backmutation. The frequency o/mutation per locus per generation (mutation rate) must be distinguished from mutant frequency, indicating simply the number of mutants in a population. Mutation in the broad sense involves also hereditary changes in chromosome number (polyploidy and aneuploidy) and chromosome structure, visible through the light microscope. The latter types are frequently called chromosomal aberrations. Arabidopsis, without further qualifications, in this context, will refer to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. in its diploid form (2n = 10). This species has three genomes, the nuclear, plastidic and the mitochondrial. Its nuclear genome (n = 5) is the smallest among higher plants (Leutweiler et al., 1984), containing about 0.7 - 1 x 108 bp, and redundancy is very low (Meyerowitz and Pruitt, 1985). The plastid genome is about the same size as that of the mcYority of higher plants, ca. 150 kb. The size of the mitochondrial genome is ca. 400 kb. Arabidopsis is an excellent tool for genetics and its critical features and known mutants have been reviewed (R&Iei , 1970, 1975a,b; Kranz, 1978; Meyerowitz and Pruitt, 1984; Meyerowitz, 1987, 1989; Estelle and Somerville, 1986; Bowman et al., 1988).
Abiotic and biological aspects of spring biotopcs in the Paleozoic Rhenish shield und the Hessian sandstone plate (Hesse, Germany) were compnred. Springs in the Rhenish shield have fluctuating discharges with a risk of drying out in summer, and high ranges of water temperature. In contrast, springs in the sandstone area have well-balanced discharge and temperature regimes. The bioiogical aspect of this study investigates general questions of community structure and examples of autecological adaptation of life cycles. The spring community composition is characterized in tems of environmental factors and trophic relationships in the water column und in the adjacent limnic-terrestrial interface. Lifecycle adaptations of Synagapetus are typical for inhabitants of springs with unstable discharge regimes. Its eggs are resistant to drought and the larvae possess ventilation mechanisms which are efficient even in periods of low discharge. As an example, the life-cycles of several Apataniinae are discussed in the context of adaptation to cold springs, and their embryonic development is compared to those of eurytopic Trichoptera. Finally, synecological aspects of the spatial and temporal distributions of several Trichoptera species, as recorded in emergence traps, are described. Closely related species show more or less strong niche separation.
Anliegen der vorliegenden Studie ist die Ableitung von Zielvorstellungen über notwendige Maßnahmen zur Verminderung der Nährstoffbelastung innerhalb des Berliner Gewässersystems, um das Hauptproblem für diese Gewässer - die Eutrophiemng - in der Zukunft so weit zurückzudrängen, daß eine umfassende Nutzung und nachhaltige Entwicklung der Gewässer in und unterhalb von Berlin hergestellt und dauerhaft gewährleistet werden kann. Ausgangspunkt war eine Analyse der derzeitigen Belastung der Gewässer mit Phosphor als dem Nährstoff, der in erster Linie für die übermäßige Entwicklung von planktischen Algen verantwortlich ist. Der Istzustand ist durch eine Gesamtbelastung über die natürlichen Zuflüsse, die Einleitungen der Kläranlagen der Berliner Wasserbetriebe und aus der Misch- und Trennkanalisation in einer Größe von insgesamt 415 tP/a charakterisiert. Die Zuflüsse aus Spree, Dahme und Havel haben einen Anteil von 54% an der Gesamtbelastung. Die dem Berliner Gewässersystem über die kleineren Zuflüsse, insbesondere das nakenfließ, die Erpe und den Nottekanal, zugeführten Phosphorfrachten liegen in einer Größenordnung von 43 Wa bzw. 10% der Gesamtbelastung. Die Einleitungen über die Abläufe der Kläranlagen der Berliner Wasserbetriebe liegen zur Zeit bei insgesamt 112 fP/a und haben somit einen Anteil von 27% an den gesamten P-Zufuhren. Mit 38 tP/a bzw. 9% sind die abgeschätzten Einträge über die Überläufe der Mischkanalisation und aus der Regenwasserkanalisation in der P-Bilanz der Berliner Gewässer keinesfalls mehr vernachlässigbar. Für Stickstoff wurde ebenfalls versucht, die Belastungssituation zumindest grob zu erfassen. .....
Hémiptères-Réduviides
(1931)