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The (mis)management of rapport amongst groups in Niger Delta (ND) communities has become a significant issue, which Ahmed Yerima's Hard Ground (HG) depicts as having the capacity to aid or control the conflicts in the region. Linguistic studies on Yerima's drama from the perspective of pragmatics have tended to use pragmatic acts to identify the discourse value of proverbs and functions of characters' utterances but have not accounted for the politeness strategies utilised for rapport management, especially in conflict situations. This article, drawing on a rapport management model of politeness and aspects of speech act discourse, identifies the face, sociality rights, and interactional goals that characterise the conflict-motivated dialogues sampled in HG, and reveals the rapport management (RM) strategies through which these are managed in the text. Three conflict situations can be observed as prompting different RM strategies: cause-effect identification (CEI), militancy support (MSP), and disagreement (DSG) situations. CEI is marked by incriminating (involving eliciting and informing acts) and exonerating (including complimenting and acknowledging acts) strategies; MSP is indexed by strategies of persuasion (realised with face-enhancing/threatening acts), whereas DSG is typified by requesting (featuring explicit head acts and alerters) and blaming strategies (including insulting and threatening, aggravating moves). Generally, the requesting, blaming, and exonerating strategies are largely used by the ND youth in HG to probe, threaten, or disagree on specific issues, while the incriminating and persuasion strategies are mainly employed by the women to indict, influence, and predict future actions. The study of RM in the conflict situations depicted in the play sheds light on the often neglected cause of conflicts in contemporary Africa.
The early acquisition of Greek compounds by two monolingual Greek girls aged between 1;8 and 3;0 years is studied in a usage-based theoretical framework. Special importance is attached to the morphological structure of Greek compound types occurring in child speech and child-directed speech. Greek nominal compound formation does not consist in the mere juxtaposition of words or roots, but involves stems as well as a compound marker. Major questions addressed are the transparency of compounds and productive nominal compound formation. Evidence for productivity of nominal compound formation has been found with only one of the two girls. In contrast to other languages, neoclassical nominal compounds by far exceed endocentric subordinative ones tokenwise in Greek child speech and child-directed speech providing evidence of entrenchment rather than productivity.
In a cross-linguistic comparison it is shown that, in spite of the fact that both Standard Modern Greek and German are rich in nominal compounds, their number is much more limited in Greek than in German child speech. An explanation for this apparent paradox is provided by an onomasiological approach to lexical typology based on a sample list of nominal compounds occurring in German child language and their Greek translational equivalents. It has been found that while use of nominal compounds is common in colloquial German including child-centered situations, it is more typical of Greek formal than colloquial registers.
Das hethitische Phonem /xw/
(2014)
In the Hittite phonological system there was a labialized velar fricative /xw/ beside the plain velar fricative /x/ parallel to the opposition between the velar stops /kw/ and /k/. The frequent syllable /xwa/ was spelled either hu-(u) or hu-wa. Evidence from the frequency of words with initial hu in the lexicon, from spelling variations and from ablaut alternations is presented to demonstrate the existence of /xw/. It is suggested that Hittite /xw/ regularly corresponds to the reflexes of *w in the non-Anatolian Indo-European languages.
Deutsch im Kreis Schanfigg
(2012)
In dieser Arbeit wird unter Schanfigg nach Kessler "Schanfigg im weitern Sinne" verstanden, d.h. die Dörfer des politischen Kreises Schanfigg [...]. Da Dialekte im Gegensatz zu Hochsprachen nicht-normierte Sprachvarietäten darstellen, zeichnen sich die Ortsgrammatiken durch eine jeweils enorme Formenvielfalt in lautlicher und in morphologischer Hinsicht aus. Dies war denn auch eines der Ziele der Untersuchung: Mit Hilfe der Prager Phonologie und der auf ihr beruhenden Morphologie sollte aufgezeigt werden, wie groß die allophonische und allomorphische Bandbreite ist, derer sich die Sprecher im Gespräch unbewußt bedienen. Sehr schön läßt sich dies anhand der Verbalmorphologie bei den unregelmäßigen Verben (Kurzverben) aufzeigen. Ein weiteres Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Stellung der Ortsdialekte des Schanfiggs und ihres Gesamts, also das Schanfigger Diasystem, innerhalb der dem Schanfigg benachbarten Mundarten darzustellen. Idealerweise hätten das Prättigau, das Churwaldner Tal und die Churer bzw. Churerrheintaler Mundarten herangezogen werden müssen. Da aber leider keine Untersuchungen zu den Verhältnissen im Prättigau und im Churwaldner Tal vorhanden sind, wurden die Schanfigger Verhältnisse mit denjenigen der Stadt Chur (vgl. Eckhardt 1991) und des Deutschen im Bezirk Imboden (vgl. Toth und Ebneter 1996) verglichen.
Guidelines for Writers 2 ; Letter from the President 4 ; Poverty is the Problem that Must be Solved… Our Schools are not broken - Stephen Krashen 5 ; Is Multicultural Education Relevant Today? - Christine Sleeter 8 ; Revitalizing Indigenous Language Using Picture Books - Rita Scotti Juric & Nada Poropat 10 ; Success Without Bilingual Education? Acquisiton of Academic Language in English through Comprehensible Input - Francisco Ramos & Stephen Krashen 13 ; Becoming Transnational: Filipino ELL Youth’s School Adaptation - Jeom Ja Yeo, Ph.D. 15
Contributing to NABE News - Guidelines for Writers 2 ; Letter from the President 4 ; Words of the World: Will Globalization Hurt World Languages? - Mariella Espinoza-Herold & Navin Singh 5 ; Bilingual Education in Italian Schools in Croatia: Diachronic and Synchronic Official Position and the New Linguistic Situation - Rita Scotti Juric & Nada Poropat 9 ; Globalization and the Changing of Parental Perceptions towards Multilingualism - Navin Singh & Mariella Esppinoza-Herold 12 ; Asian and Pacific Islanders: How about a National Consortium to Prepare Asian Bilingual Teachers? Clara C. Park 14 ; Personal Privilege Statement Texas Representative - Ana Hernandez Luna 16 ; NABE 2011 Conference highlights 17 ; Outstanding Citizen of the Year Award 19 ; Outstanding Dissertation Winners 20 ; Student Essay Winners 22 ; Bilingual Teacher of the Year 25 ; El desarrollo del español para maestros en programas de educación dual- Luis A. Rosado, Lidia Morris & Kelly A. Rosado 26 ; Indigenous Bilingual Education Honoring Our Heritage - Jon Reyhne 29
Contents:
From Language Garden to Sustainable Languaging: Bilingual Education in a Global World
Ofelia García, Graduate Center, City University of New York 5 ; Language Lost & Found: A Family’s Full Circle : Mary Curtis 10 ; Language Variation from a Bilingual Perspective : Miriam Eisenstein Ebsworth, New York University, Steinhardt 17 ; Letter from the President 4 ; Contributing to Perspectives - Guidelines for Writers 2.
Der Übersetzungsprozess der Technischen Dokumentation wird zunehmend mit Maschineller Übersetzung (MÜ) unterstützt. Wir blicken zunächst auf die Ausgangstexte und erstellen automatisch prüfbare Regeln, mit denen diese Texte so editiert werden können, dass sie optimale Ergebnisse in der MÜ liefern. Diese Regeln basieren auf Forschungsergebnissen zur Übersetzbarkeit, auf Forschungsergebnissen zu Translation Mismatches in der MÜ und auf Experimenten.
Standardisierung ist der bedeutendste Ansatz zu Qualitätssteigerung und Kostensenkung in der Technischen Dokumentation. Es gibt eine Reihe von Standardisierungsansätzen: Modularisierung, Informationsstrukturen, Terminologie, Sprachstrukturen. Dennoch werden diese Ebenen meist getrennt voneinander beschrieben. Wir untersuchen, wie Standardisierungen im Informationsmodell, in der Terminologie und in den sprachlichen Strukturen verknüpft werden und miteinander interagieren.
U ovome se članku obrađuju posuđenice mletačkoga podrijetla u sjevernočakavskom govoru Boljuna u sjeveroistočnoj Istri. Cilj rada bio je etimološki obraditi pridjeve i imenice iz semantičke domene karakternih osobina koji nisu bili uvršteni u Skokov Etimologijski rječnik ni u Vinjine Jadranske etimologije. Polazišna građa ekscerpirana je iz rukopisnoga Rječnika boljunskih govora Ivana Francetića, provjerena je na terenu te je etimološkom i leksičkom analizom dovedena u vezu s istromletačkim, venecijanskim, tršćanskim i talijanskim (etymologia proxima) te s latinskim ili drugim etimonom (etymologia remota), a na sinkronijskoj i dijatopijskoj razini s rječničkim potvrdama u ostalim čakavskim govorima Istre, Kvarnera i Dalmacije.