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提要 本文通过对信息传达的性质和语言的本质的探讨,来了解语言的发展。Ostension "显 示信息传达意嚣的动作"(以下简称"动作")和inference" 推测/推论"是信息传达过程中的两 个主重要环节。在信息传达的时候,信息传达者总希望信息接受者能又快又准确地对自己所传 达的信息做出"推论/推测因此,信息传达者会尽量地做出最适宜、最不费力、最能帮助对方 进行推论/推测的"动作动作"越具体,对"推论/推测"过程的制约程度就越高。语言在信 息传达过程中的作用只是作为一种制约听话者进行"推论/推测"的工具,因此,语言是因为说 话者要制约听话者的"推论/推测"过程而发展的。不同语言的说话者对不同语义领域进行相 同或不阔的制约,制约程度和手段亦有相同与不同之处。因此,每种语窑有它的独特性,但不 同语言之间也有共岗位。
Zur Versprachlichung des Raums in Bildergeschichten deutschsprachiger Vor- und Grundschulkinder
(2002)
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Versprachlichung des Raums in Bildergeschichten deutschsprachiger Vor- und Grundschulkinder. Methodisch fügt sich die Untersuchung in Arbeiten zur Entwicklung der narrativen Kompetenz des Kindes anhand von Bildergeschichten ein, wie sie in neuerer Zeit […] durchgeführt wurden (s. vor allem Berman & Slobin 1994). Hinsichtlich der allgemein-sprachwissenschaftlichen Analyse der Versprachlichung des Raums ist die Arbeit vor allem den typologischen Studien von L. Talmy (1985, 1991) verpflichtet. […] Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Rolle der Versprachlichung räumlicher Beziehungen unter zwei Aspekten zu untersuchen: hinsichtlich der Erstellung kohärenten narrativen Diskurses und hinsichtlich der sprachlichen Mittel, mittels derer die Kinder auf statische und dynamische räumliche Beziehungen referieren. Entsprechend der Dreiteilung der Ich-Jetzt-Hier-Origo stellen räumliche Beziehungen neben der Referenz auf Personen und zeitliche Beziehungen einen der drei Bereiche dar, in denen sich textuelle Kohärenz manifestiert. Bei der Versprachlichung des Raums geht es einerseits um Einführung, Beibehaltung und Verschiebung narrativer Orte und andererseits um statische räumliche Befindlichkeiten gegenüber dynamischen räumlichen Ereignissen. […] Die Arbeit gliedert sich in einen theoretischen und einen empirischen Hauptteil.
Die Flexionsmorphologie befasst sich mit der "Beugung" von Wörtern, d. h. mit der systematischen Kombination von (meist) Lexemen mit bestimmten sog. grammatischen Informationen (auch: Flexionskategorien). So wird die Wortart der Substantive im Deutschen mit den Informationen Kasus und vor allem Numerus (Singular und Plural) versehen.
This article deals with the Tashlhiyt dialect of Berber (henceforth TB) spoken in the southern part of Morocco. In TB, words may consist entirely of consonants without vowels and sometimes of only voiceless obstruents, e.g. tft#tstt "you rolled it (fem)". In this study we have carried out acoustic, video-endoscopic and phonological analyses to answer the following question: is schwa, which may function as syllabic, a segment at the level of phonetic representations in TB? Video-endoscopic films were made of one male native speaker of TB, producing a list of forms consisting entirely of voiceless obstruents. The same list was produced by 7 male native speakers of TB for the acoustic analysis. The phonological analysis is based on the behaviour of vowels with respect to the phonological rule of assibilation. This study shows the absence of schwa vowels in forms consisting of voiceless obstruents.
In this paper I investigate a change in the word order patterns of Greek nominalizations that took place from the Classical Greek (CG) period to the Modem Greek (MG) one. Specifically, in CG both the patterns in (A), with its two subtypes, and (B) were possible; the MG system, on the other hand, exhibits only the (B) pattern. The difference between the two systems is that agents can only be introduced in the form of prepositional phrase in MG nominals in a position following the head noun, while they could appear in a prenominal position bearing genitive case in CG. Moreover, the theme genitive, i.e. the objective genitive, could precede the head nominal in CG; this is no longer the case in MG, where the theme genitive follows the head noun obligatorily:
(A) i) Det-(Genagent)-Nprocess-Gentheme 1 ii) Det-Gentheme-Nprocess
(B)Det-Nprocess-Gentheme (Ppagent)
I argue that the unavailability of (A) in MG is linked to the nature and the properties associated with a nominal functional projection contained within process non~inals and to other related changes in the nominal system of Greek.
Departing from the exhaustive indexation, syntax-driven approach to binding, we argued for an alternative, semantics-oriented rationale for binding principles. Under this new understanding of the nature of grammatical constraints on anaphoric binding, these principles are viewed as contributing to circumscribe the contextually determined semantic value of anaphoric nominals. This conceptual shift helps to find a fully fledged formal specification of binding principles with the HPSG lean description formalism where these constraints are entered in the grammar as part of the information kept at the lexical entries of anaphoric expressions.
What is abductive inference?
(2002)
Abductive reasoning: constitutes according to Peirce the "first stage" of scientific inquiries (CP 6.469) and of any interpretive processes. "Abduction" is the process of adopting an explanatory hypothesis (CP 5.145) and covers two operations: the selection and the formation of plausible hypotheses. As process of finding premisses, it is the basis of interpretive reconstruction of causes and intentions, as well as of inventive construction of theories.
In this article, we analyse the use of modality markers in a German text taken from the Freiburger Korpus. We notice how the necessity of preserving face influences the speakers' choices of downgraders and upgraders, devices that determine the intensity of the speech acts and, therefore, the mood of the interaction.
In this paper I seek to account for the productive word-formation process resulting in the current proliferation of un-nouns, the semi-legitimate offspring of Humpty Dumpty´s un-birthday present (1871) and 7-Up´s commercial incarnation as The Un-Cola (1968), a construction that can be linked to the more well-established categories of un-adjectives and un-verbs, whose formation constraints we will also examine. Drawing on a large corpus of novel un-nouns I have assembled in collaboration with Beth Levin presented in the Appendices to this paper, I will invoke Rosch´s prototype semantics and Aristotle´s notion of PRIVATIVE opposites, defined in terms of a marked exception to a general class property, to generalize across the different categories of un-words. It will be argued that a given un-noun refers either to an element just outside a given category with whose members it shares a salient function (e.g. un-cola) or to a peripheral member of a given category (an unhotel is a hotel but not a good exemplar of the class-not a HOTEL hotel).