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The article analyzes the accentuation of western South Slavic l-participles of verbal stems ending in an occlusive that are formed by adding the formant *-l- directly to the stem, e.g. *nes-lъ, Croatian nȅsao, Slovene nesel. Data from Slovene, Čakavian, Kajkavian and Štokavian dialects are compared and discussed against the background of late Proto-Slavic and early dialectal accentual and phonological changes. The operation of accentological changes such as Dybo’s law, Stang’s law and the rise of the neocircumflex, as well as the reduction of weak jers caused alternations in tone, vowel-length and position of the ictus. These alterations could be analogically eliminated or extended at different times and in different areas during the linguistic history of western South Slavic, thus causing the rise of some of the earliest isoglosses in the area in which western South Slavic is spoken.
U radu se raspravlja o etimologiji hrvatske riječi jaram i srodnih riječi u ostalim slavenskim jezicima. Prikazuje se da je ta riječ u baltoslavenskome bila množinski oblik imenice koja je dala hrvatsko rame. Raspravljaju se formalne teškoće te etimologije i analiziraju se brojne usporedne izvedenice u slavenskome.
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
Članak analizira akcenatski sustav valpovačkoga podravskog govora na temelju Klaićeva opisa govora Bizovca. Usporedba njegova opisa s opisima drugih dijalektologa vodi do zaključka da su razlike između postojećih opisa valpovačke akcentuacije znatne te da je Klaićev opis od svih opisa najdetaljniji i najpouzdaniji. Drugi dio članka opisuje akcenatsku karakteristiku koja dijeli valpovački govor od ostalih slavonskih govora: povlačenje naglaska s dočetnoga sloga prozodijske riječi na početni slog. Navode se neke tipološke paralele iz drugih hrvatskih govora, zatim ruskoga i litavskoga jezika. Potvrđena je teza, koju je zastupalo više jezikoslovaca, da je povlačenje naglaska posljedica utjecaja mađarskog jezika na valpovački govor.
U ovom članku razmatraju se dokazi koje posuđenice nude za vrste kontakata između Praslavena i njihovih germanskih susjeda, Gota i različitih zapadnogermanskih naroda. Germanske posuđenice u praslavenskome uglavnom pripadaju određenom skupu semantičkih polja. Posuđene riječi mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko semantičkih polja: vlast i vojska, tehnička terminologija, novac i trgovinska razmjena, mjesta za pohranu (bačve, kutije itd.), kršćanska terminologija i imanje. Tehničke riječi i kršćanske riječi vjerojatno su zapadnogermanskoga podrijetla, dok sve ostale semantičke kategorije sadrže i gotske i zapadnogermanske posuđenice.
Translation is a very broad, complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, encompassing much more factors than it seems at first glance. It is not just copying the words from the original work while changing the language, but it consists of a careful selection of appropriate phrases and expressions, combining them together in a skillful way while taking into consideration numerous aspects, one of them being the text type. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to present various text typologies and text types, specify their implications for translators and determine the role of the correct recognition of text type in producing a successful translation. This will be done on the assumption that a text type is one of the basic factors that allow the translator to recognise the function and purpose of the text as well as the author's intention. Thus, depending on the nature of these, the translator will inevitably resort to different techniques and strategies in order to successfully render the source text. Therefore, identifying the text type also helps the translator to select the appropriate translation strategy.
This paper aims to contribute to the rich discussion that has been developed in this journal throughout previous editions. Many authors have already written here about their considerations and praxis regarding bilingualism, bilingual contexts and bilingual education from different perspectives. Thus, this paper also brings to discussion aspects of the education in bilingual settings in Brazil, where people speak Portuguese and a variety of German basis called Hunsrückisch as their mother tongue. Moreover, this paper aims to be an account of results from different researches, which deal with the advantages of speaking dialect to learn standard German and the prejudices, learners coming from minority languages confront.
As linguist, we always have to deal with terms like First, Second and Foreign Languages, but many times we don’t notice, how peculiars they are and how specific and difficult are their definitions. In Brazil, we have peculiar situations of immigrant languages, which are spoken in some groups of people in some communities in their day-by-day. There is much controversy related to the denomination we give to these linguistic varieties, what concerns its status and its relationship with the other neighbor or concurrent varieties. In this paper, we intend to discuss theoretically the terms above, transporting the denomination and its application to the reality of some bilingual communities from Rio Grande do Sul, in which people speak minority languages of Germanic origins. On the basis of empirical tests, we aim to give here a profile of the socio linguistic situation of these minority varieties what concerns its speakers, the foreign language teachers (specially of the High-German) and the community in general.
Possession im Dakota
(1985)
Zweck dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung der sprachlichen Mittel, derer sich das Dakota zum Ausdruck von Possessiv-Relationen bedient. Dem Hauptteil geht eine in die Thematik einführende Charakterisierung der untersuchten Sprache sowie eine Betrachtung des sprachtheoretischen Hintergrundes voraus. Eine systematisierende Zusammenfassung der relevanten Daten bildet den Abschluß der Arbeit. Mangels Belegstellen konnten allerdings nicht alle Fragen, die sich aus der Auseinandersetzung mit der Materie ergaben, restlos geklärt werden. Die Beispiele stammen großenteils aus Mythen; sofern sie nicht mit Quellenangaben versehen sind, sind sie von der Verfasserin konstruiert.
Der Begriff "Subjekt" ist etwa so alt wie die ersten europäischen Ansätze zur Sprachbeschreibung. [...] Mit zunehmender Erforschung außereuropäischer Sprachen in neuerer zeit verbreitete sich jedoch die Einsicht, daß verschiedene der von den traditionellen europäischen Grammatiken vergebenen Kategorien nicht für jede Sprache deskriptiv adäquat waren und deshalb aus dem Bereich der Sprachuniversalien im Sinne der für jede Sprache gültigen Kategorien zu eliminieren seien. Das "Subjekt" aber behauptete noch sehr lange Zeit seinen Platz unter den allgemeingültigen Kategorien der Sprachbeschreibung. Erst genauere Studien beispielsweise der Ergativsprachen, denen das "Subjekt" als deskriptive Kategorie nicht mehr gerecht zu werden schien, ließen Zweifel an der Universalität des "Subjekts" aufkommen [...]. Seit Mitte des vergangenen Jahrzehnts wurde das "Subjekt" zu einem der meistdiskutierten Themen der Linguistik, was in der Herausbildung der vier gängigen Subjektstheorien resultierte, die ab Kap. 3 im Detail behandelt werden sollen. [...]
Als Prüfstein der Anwendbarkeit der [...] Theorien und zum Versuch der generellen Beantwortung der Frage nach der Universalität des "Subjekts" wurde eine sowohl in genetischer wie auch in struktureller Hinsicht nicht-indogermanische Sprache gewählt, das Ayacucho-Quechua (AQ). Die strukturelle Divergenz des AQ vom "Standard Average European" eröffnet möglicherweise auch bezüglich der Suche nach einem universalen "Subjekt" neue Perspektiven.