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Welches sind [...] die Kanäle, auf denen wir unsere Traditionen und unser Wissen kommunizieren und übermitteln? Diese Frage muss für jede Generation neu verhandelt werden. Umberto Eco macht darauf aufmerksam, dass dies nicht allein über den Weg der Hochkultur geschieht. In seinem jüngsten Roman "Die geheimnisvolle Flamme der Königin Loana" (2004)3 beschreibt er am Beispiel seines Protagonisten Yambo Bodoni die éducation sentimentale seiner Generation, aufgewachsen und sozialisiert im Zeichen des italienischen Faschismus, aber auch einer insbesondere aus den USA stammenden Gegenkultur. Hierfür be- und hinterfragt Eco – und dies ist ein Novum für die italienische Literatur – insbesondere die Populärkultur der Zeit, die er in Form von Comics, Fotos, Plakaten und sogar Schlagern und Propagandaliedern als originale Bild- und Textzitate in die Romanhandlung integriert.
Im "Versuch über den Begriff des Republikanismus" (1796) halt Friedrich Schlegel (in kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit Kant) ein Plädoyer für die "Majestät des Volkes". Dieses Engagement im Bereich der Politischen Philosophie scheint indes eine kurze Episode zu bleiben, denn bald schon wendet sich Schlegel wieder der literarischen Kritik zu; im "Gespräch über die Poesie" (1800) entwirft er das Konzept einer selbstreferentiellen Dichtung. Was zunächst als radikale Abkehr von der im Republikanismus-Aufsatz aufgeworfenen Problemstellung erscheint, erschließt sich einer semiotischen Analyse jedoch als eine konsequente Fonschreibung und Entwicklung des in diesem Text formulierten Repräsentationsmodells. Es zeigt sich, dass sich das Verhältnis des Republikanismus-Aufsatzes und des Poesie-Gesprächs als ein progressives Reflexionsstufenverhältnis bestimmen lässt.
In der Einleitung eines von ihnen herausgegebenen Sammelbandes schlagen Jürgen Fohrmann und Helmut J. Schneider vor, die Geschichte der 1830er und 1840er Jahre als "die Geschichte von 'Bewegung'" zu erzählen. Sie sehen diese beiden Dezennien durch einen Diskurswechsel bestimmt, "der mit den politischen Schlagworten 'Leben', 'Jugend', 'Gegenwart', 'Emanzipation' usw. eine strukturelle Umpolung unserer Semantik auf 'Bewegung' hin versucht". Dieser Vorschlag leuchtet unmittelbar ein; doch ist von dem Diskurswechsel nicht nur die Semantik, sondern auch die Pragmatik der Literatur und damit die Konzeptualisierung der Autorposition betroffen. Lässt sich in diesem Sinne eine ganze Reihe von Schriftstellern nennen, die sich in den genannten Jahrzehnten einem neuen, im Zeichen der politischen Emanzipation stehenden Konzept der Autorschaft verschreiben, so kennzeichnet es die Schriften Heinrich Heines, dass sie an diesem Konzeptwechsel nicht lediglich teilhaben, sondern ihn thematisieren und inszenieren. Ja, man kann sagen, dass die Inszenierung der eigenen Autorschaft einen Grundzug des Heineschen Werkes darstellt.
This essay deals with two retellings of Genesis: Thomas Mann's "Joseph and his brothers" and Anita Diamant's "The red tent". Both authors note the presence of implicit pagan tendencies among the women of Jacob's clan (Gen 31:19; 35:2) and develop this subtext for their respective ideological purposes. Thomas Mann creates a dichotomy between the backwardness of the pagan female realm and the progressive nature of the monotheistically-oriented patriarchs. The path toward modern humanist values comes from the likes of Jacob and Joseph rather than Rachel and Leah in Mann's novel. Anita Diamant, on the other hand, adopts the opposite attitude, namely, that the paganism of Rachel, Leah, as well as other women in Jacob's family, is a humane and natural form of spirituality in contrast to the bloodthirsty Yahwism of Jacob and his sons. The latter point is illustrated by the sacking of Shechem. In order to question the patriarchal stance of the Old Testament Diamant reverses the key values informing the theology of the Bible. Thus, in "The red tent" Jacob's wives venerate the Ashera in particular. The latter constitutes a challenge to the stance of the Deuteronomic History where the cult of the Ashera is viewed as a key reason behind God's decision to let the Babylonians destroy the Southern Kingdom of Judah. And since Mann's novel upholds the patriarchal spirit of the biblical text, Diamant enters into debate with the continuity of female disempowerment which reaches all the way from Genesis to "Joseph and his brothers".
Siegfried Lenz's novel "Deutschstunde" is analyzed on the basis of work conducted by two American psychologists: Stanley Milgram and Lawrence Kohlberg. The concept of duty and obedience to authority are considered as social phenomena that go beyond personal disposition. The article uses Milgram's famous obedience experiment in order to consider the literary depiction of psychological processes underlying compliance with orders to commit reprehensible acts. A comparison is made between Jens Jepsen, the fictional obedient policeman in "Deutschstunde", and Paul Grueninger, a real policeman in wartime Switzerland, who refused to follow orders and saved many refugees at the Swiss-Austrian border.
It is commonplace to assert that the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament is based on an androcentric position. Although critics have tried to introduce some sort of female empowerment by reassessing various biblical stories (cf. Savina Teubal, 1984), Genesis remains a man's realm with only a limited female perspective. The case of Dinah's rape by Shechem in Genesis 34 illustrates the marginality of womanhood in the biblical world and theology. The pericope tells us that, while the Israelites are settled near the Hivite city of Shechem in Canaan, Jacob's and Leah's daughter Dinah goes out of the Israelite camp. She is raped by Shechem, the prince of the eponymous city, who then abducts her and makes her one of his household. A deal is concluded by Jacob's sons and the Shechemites, according to which the situation can be made legitimate through marriage if the men of Shechem circumcise themselves. While the Shechemites are weak at er the surgery, the Israelites sack the city, kill all the males and take Dinah back.
Modern retellings of the Flood pericope (Genesis 6–8) depend on the age of the targeted audience. Writing for adults, Wolfdietrich Schnurre, Brigitte Schär, Timothy Findley, and Anne Provoost ask whether universal annihilation can be justified. Their criticism of the divine notion that evil is universal and indiscriminate collective punishment is therefore justified, reveals values that are incompatible with those informing the original biblical narrative. However much modernity is aware that myths are symbolic, it apparently cannot assimilate their ethics without a critical reassessment. In this, modern writers rely on the realistic premises of modern novelistic narration. In contrast, modern retellings of the Flood story for children appear to be far more prepared to accept the ancient value system underlying the biblical narrative. Books for younger audiences seem to be much more comfortable with the notion of generalized evil and global punishment than works for adults. This becomes particularly striking in a number of picture books about Noah's ark. The narrative stance of writers ultimately depends on the way they perceive adulthood and childhood.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma amostra de pesquisas com a língua alemã nos trabalhos de grau da pós-graduação (nível de mestrado) envolvendo a tradução. Seguindo uma tradição que, na Universidade de São Paulo, remonta aos anos de 1960, tais trabalhos têm por objetivo apresentar a tradução de textos inéditos, acompanhados de notas e comentários, e – ao contrário dos trabalhos realizados àquela época – são ancorados numa perspectiva teórica dos Estudos da Tradução (Translation Studies na nomenclatura internacional). A partir de três relatos de pesquisas em andamento, procura-se revelar os bastidores do trabalho com os textos, bem como a fase de análise do texto a ser traduzido, que é pautada e aprofundada por leituras teóricas e realizada paralela e concomitantemente à fase de tradução propriamente dita. Esta última, empreendida em várias etapas, enfoca a cada vez uma dificuldade específica dos diferentes níveis da análise lingüística – e, dependendo do caso, também literária – e sugere a redação de notas, comentários e diferentes tentativas de reescritura. Ao final do processo, as notas e comentários são selecionados e relacionados com a perspectiva teórica, para que só então se processe a redação final da Dissertação, cuja diretriz é construída numa direção que vai da prática de traduzir para a reflexão.
Para além da influência geral de Rousseau na constituição do ideário estético do Romantismo, as relações mais diretas que o ligam ao grande romântico alemão E. T. A. Hoffmann são merecedoras de um estudo detalhado. Um tal estudo deveria confrontar não só as obras, mas as próprias vidas, já que são notáveis os paralelos biográficos entre os dois autores. Neste trabalho limito-me a examinar um único texto de Hoffmann, o conto de fadas "Das fremde Kind", buscando mostrar que os ecos rousseaunianos nessa obra são bem mais profundos do que uma mera re-elaboração do desgastado e superficial clichê do "bom selvagem".
The parallel between the novels "Berlin Alexanderplatz" and "Grande Sertão: Veredas" was first drawn within the Brazilian literary criticism in a comment made by Davi Arrigucci Jr. With the intent of pursuing the discussion raised by the author, this article proposes a more detailed analysis of the elements which define both texts as representative works of the modern novel discourse. The analysis focuses on the movements which characterize the trajectories taken by the protagonists Franz Biberkopf and Riobaldo, with a view on the characters' transit in space, as well as emotionally, and also in regard to the transit that operates the narration within both novels. In this light, the article outlines the particularities which situate both novels within the tradition that associates them with the books "Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre" and "L’Éducation Sentimentale".