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In this chapter we develop an agenda for future research on the personalization of politics. To do so, we clarify the propositions of the personalization hypothesis, critically discuss the normative standard on which most studies base their evaluation of personalization, and systematically summarize empirical research findings. We show that the condemnation of personalization is based on a trivial logic and on a maximalist definition of democracy. The review of empirical studies leads us to question the assumption that personalization has steadily increased in all areas of politics. Finally, our normative considerations help us develop new research questions on how personalized politics affects democracy. Moreover, this review also makes clear that another weakness of today's empirical research on the personalization of politics lies in methodological problems and a lack of analysis of the impacts of systemic and contextual variables. Consequently, we suggest methodological pathways and possible explanatory factors for the study of personalization.
Human mimicry
(2009)
Human mimicry is ubiquitous, and often occurs without the awareness of the person mimicking or the person being mimicked. First, we briefly describe some of the major types of nonconscious mimicry -verbal, facial, emotional, and behavioral- and review the evidence for their automaticity. Next, we argue for the broad impact of mimicry and summarize the literature documenting its influence on the mimicry dyad and beyond. This review highlights the moderators of mimicry as well, including the social, motivational, and emotional conditions that foster or inhibit automatic mimicry. We interpret these findings in light of current theories of mimicry. First, we evaluate the evidence for and against mimicry as a communication tool. Second, we review neuropsychological research that sheds light on the question of how we mimic. What is the cognitive architecture that enables us to do what we perceive others do? We discuss a proposed system, the perception-behavior link, and the neurological evidence (Le., the mirror system) supporting it. We will then review the debate on whether mimicry is innate and inevitable. We propose that the architecture enabling mimicry is innate, but that the behavioral mimicry response may actually be (partly) a product of learning or associations. Finally. we speculate on what the behavioral data on mimicry may imply for the evolution of mimicry.
The basic problem of primary audio and video research materials is clearly shown by the survey: A great and important part of the entire heritage is still outside archival custody in the narrower sense, scattered over many institutions in fairy small collections, and even in private hands. reservation following generally accepted standards can only be carried out effectively if collections represent critical mass. Specialised audiovisual archives will solve their problems, as they will sooner or later succeed in getting appropriate funding to achieve their aims. A very encouraging example is the case of the Netherlands. The larger audiovisual research archives will also manage, more or less autonomously, the transfer of contents in time. For a considerable part of the research collections, however, the concept of cooperative models and competence centres is the only viable model to successfullly safeguard their holdings. Their organisation and funding is a considerable challenge for the scientific community. TAPE has significantly raised awareness of the fact that, unless action is swiftly taken, the loss of audiovisual materials is inevitable. TAPE’s international and regional workshops were generally overbooked. While TAPE was already underway, several other projects for the promotion of archives have received grants from organisations other than the European Commission, inter alia support for the St. Petersburg Phonogram Archive, and the Folklore Archive in Tirana, obviously as a result of a better understanding of the need for audiovisual preservation. When the TAPE project started its partners assumed that cooperative projects would fail because of the notorious distrust of researchers, specifically in the post-communist countries. One of the most encouraging surprises was to learn that, at least in the most recent survey, it became apparent that this social obstacle is fading out. TAPE may have contributed to this important development.
Agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages from the Oligocene section of an exploration well drilled in the distal part of the Congo Fan are fully documented and interpreted for palaeoenvironment. A total of 65 ditch cutting samples were analysed at 10 m intervals, from 3630 to 4270 m below rotary table. An average of 170 specimens were extracted per sample, with over 100 species being documented and described using SEM and light photography. The results reveal the most taxonomically diverse deepsea Oligocene fauna yet described. Six assemblages have been defined and analysed with Correspondence and 'Morphogroup' Analysis. These are 1. Nothia robusta / Reticulophragmium Assemblage (4110-4270 m), 2. Nothia robusta / Scherochorella congoensis / Discammilloides sp. 1 Assemblage (4000-4100 m), 3. High diversity Reticulophragmium Assemblage (3870-3990 m), 4. Portatrochammina profunda Assemblage (3790-3860 m), 5. Nothia latissima Assemblage (3730-3780 m) and 6. Low abundance Assemblage (3630-3720 m). Palaeobathymetric estimates range from middle -lower bathyal based on comparison with living taxa and morphogroup distributions. These results extend the known stratigraphic range (last occurrences) of Reticulophragmium amp/eetens into the Oligocene in the Atlantic, and possibly also Paratrochamminoides gorayskii, Paratrochamminoides olszewskii, Trochamminoides aff. proteus, Trochamminoides subcoronatus, Haplophragmoides horridus and Haplophragmoides walteri, although reworking is documented with these species. Results also extend the known first occurrences of Recurvoides azuaensis, Spiropsammina primula, Cyclammina aff. orbicularis, Discamminoides sp. and Glaphyrammina americana into the Oligocene. Large scale variations within faunas are largely assigned to documente d variations in sand content, where higher proportions of sand generally coincide with reduced diversity and abundance along with a dominance of opportunistic species such as Nothia robusta, Nothia latissima and Ammodiscus latus. A major excursion in the infaunal morpho group, suspension-feeding morpho group and diversity and abundance within Assemblage 2 is termed the 'Scherochorella Event', and does not correlate with an increase in sand. This fauna is thought to be the result of lower oxygen conditions allowing the dominance of the low oxygen morphotype Scherochorella congoensis and the opportunistic species Nothia robusta. Deep-water circulation in the Atlantic at this time is generally thought to have been strong, and this event suggests that there may have been a temporary expansion of the oxygen minimum zone during the Late Oligocene, coinciding with increased benthic 8180 values, global cooling, and increased upwelling associated with a stronger polar front. The otherwise high diversity of the fauna in the well supports the interpretation of well-oxygenated conditions.
In the article, a travel sketch of Danish playwright Kaj Munk (1898 – 1944) is analytically considered. The analysis of this text allows drawing at least three conclusions: 1. Explicit motive of seasickness, figuring here as antithetic modification of implicite present free-standing posture motive, symbolizes idea of disintegrating personality. 2. Such a symbolism is deeply rooted in that of Danish identity. 3. From literary styles and trends history point of view, the sketch appears to be typical of that line in expressionism, which continues tradition of symbolism as artistic and literary trend of late 19th century.
German soldiers were not actively engaged in Gulf War I or the post-11 September war on terrorism. Coincidentally, however, Germany reflected upon fundamental changes in immigration and asylum law in the early 1990s as well as in the early 2000s. Yet, the relationship between immigration, asylum, and terrorism was conceived of very differently. In the early 1990s, measures combating terrorism did not directly relate to immigration and asylum law. Rather, they were primarily connected to criminal law. IN the aftermath of the attacks of 11 September 2001, measures against terrorism and changes in immigration law were intrinsically entwined.
Plural semantics for natural language understanding : a computational proof-theoretic approach
(2005)
The semantics of natural language plurals poses a number of intricate problems – both from a formal and a computational perspective. In this thesis I investigate problems of representing, disambiguating and reasoning with plurals from a computational perspective. The work defines a computationally suitable representation for important plural constructions, proposes a tractable resolution algorithm for semantic plural ambiguities, and integrates an automatic reasoning component for plurals. My solution combines insights from formal semantics, computational linguistics and automated theorem proving and is based on the following main ideas. Whereas many existing approaches to plural semantics work on a model-theoretic basis using higher-order representation languages I propose a proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics based on a flat firstorder semantic representation language thus showing that a trade-off between expressive power and logical tractability can be found. The problem of automatic disambiguation of plurals is tackled by a deliberate decision to drastically reduce recourse to contextual knowledge for disambiguation but rely instead on structurally available and thus computationally manageable information. A further central aspect of the solution lies in carefully drawing the borderline between real ambiguity and mere indeterminacy in the interpretation of plural noun phrases. As a practical result of my computational proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics I can use my methods to perform automated reasoning with plurals by applying advanced firstorder theorem provers and model-generators available off-the shelf. The results are prototypically implemented within the two logic-oriented natural language understanding applications DRoPs and Attempto. DRoPs provides an automatic plural disambiguation component for uncontrolled natural language whereas Attempto works with a constructive disambiguation strategy for controlled natural language. Both systems provide tools for the automated analysis of technical texts allowing users for example to automatically detect inconsistencies, to perform question answering, to check whether a conjecture follows from a text or to find equivalences and redundancies.