Institutes
Refine
Year of publication
- 2013 (7) (remove)
Document Type
Has Fulltext
- yes (7)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (7)
Keywords
- C. elegans (1)
Institute
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (7)
- Präsidium (5)
- Medizin (2)
Endocannabinoids (eCB) are signaling lipids and became known for their importance in the central nervous system as well as in immune defense. Beneficial effects of eCB are shown in processes of excitotoxic lesion, secondary damage and neuronal plasticity throughout the last years. Two canabinoid receptors, type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) as the respective endogenous ligands belong to the endocannabinoid system (eCBS). In 1990, the CB1 could be cloned and was localised mainly on neurons. Shortly thereafter in 1993, the CB2 was characterised and found primarily on cells belonging to the immune system. N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), often called anandamide, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the best characterised eCB. N-palmitylethanolamide (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) have no or only low affinity to CB1 but enhance the affinity of AEA significantly. This group is therefore often summarized as N-ethanolamides (NEA). ECB are derivates of arachidonic acid and are stored in membranes where they become hydrolysed on demand by specific enzymes. Traumatic brain injury altered the levels of eCB in the blood in vivo and when applied in vitro after neuronal damage, eCB could reduce the damaging burden. Further studies demonstrated that eCB are potent to down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and most important to decrease neuronal excitation.
In the present study, the intrinsic regulation of the endocannabinoid system after neuronal damage over time was investigated in rat Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures (OHSC). Temporal and spatial dynamics of eCB levels were analysed after transection of the perforant pathway (PPT) in originating neurons (enthorhinal cortex, EC), areas of deafferentiation/anterograde axonal degeneration (dentate gyrus, DG) and of the synaptically linked cornu ammonis region 1 (CA1) as well as after excitotoxic lesion in the respective regions.
A strong increase of all eCB was observed only in the denervation zone of the DG 24 hours post PPT. In excitotoxic lesioned OHSC all eCB were elevated, in the investigated regions up to 72 hours post lesion (hpl). The responsible enzyme for biosynthesis of the NEA, NAPE-PLD protein, was increased during the early timepoints of measurement (1-6 hpl). The responsible catabolizing enzyme, FAAH, and the CB1 receptor were up-regulated at a later timepoint, 48 hpl, explaining the eCB levels. In the present model, the inhibition of the enzyme responsible for 2-AG hydrolysis (MAGL) was neuroprotective as previously shown and a re-distribution within neurons and astrocytes during neuronal damage could be observed. In primary cell cultures microglia expressed the regulating enzymes of 2-AG and the enzyme responsible for NEA down-regulation, FAAH. Astrocytes expressed mainly the catalyzing enzymes, indicating the role for eCB break-down. All these findings together demonstrate the great capacity of the eCBS to control inflammatory processes and consequently neuronal cell death.
All effects of the known eCB could not be clarified by CB1/CB2 deficient mice. Several G-protein coupled receptors (GPR) are recently in discussion whether they might and should belong to the endocannabinoid system. The GPR55, the not yet cloned abnormal cannabidiol receptor and further GPRs are candidates as potential endocannabinoid receptors. Recently GPR55 has been discussed as a putative cannabinoid receptor type 3 (CB3). Quantitative PCR revealed that Gpr55 is present in primary microglia and the brain, but the exact regional and cellular distribution and the physiological/pathological effects downstream of GPR55 activation in the CNS still remain open. Therefore, the excitotoxic rat OHSC model, previously used to investigate the neuroprotective potency of eCB, was now used to investigate the neuroprotective potency of GPR55. Activation of GPR55 protected dentate gyrus granule cells in vitro after excitotoxic lesion, induced by NMDA. In parallel, GPR55 activation was able to reduce the number of microglia in the dentate gyrus. These neuroprotective effects vanished however in microglia depleted OHSCs as well as in OHSC transfected with Gpr55 siRNA, indicating a strong involvement of microglia in GPR55 mediated neuroprotection.
In summary, the present study found a strong time-dependent and anterograde mechanism of action of eCB after long-range projection damage and provided further evidence for the neuroprotective properties of eCB. The potential cannabinoid receptor 3 (GPR55) mediates neuronal protection on behalf of microglia.
Nikotinische Acetylcholin Rezeptoren (nAChR) sind ligandengesteuerte Ionenkanäle der pentameren Cys-Loop Familie, welche nach Bindung des Neurotransmitters Acetylcholin exzitatorische Signale in Muskeln und Neuronen vermitteln. Während die Funktion der Rezeptoren an der synaptischen Membran relativ gut untersucht wurde, gibt es bis heute kaum Erkenntnisse über die intrazellulären Prozesse und Proteine, die der selektiven Assemblierung von homologen Untereinheiten zu funktionalen Rezeptorpentameren zugrundeliegen.
Das C. elegans Genom kodiert für mehr als 29 nAChR Untereinheiten-Gene und besitzt damit die größte Anzahl bekannter Homologe innerhalb der untersuchten Arten. An der neuromuskulären Synapse (NMJ) des Nematoden sind zwei Typen von nAChR bekannt: der heteromere Levamisolrezeptor (L-AChR) und der homomere Nikotinrezeptor (N-AChR). Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wurde der funktionale Zusammenhang zwischen den nikotinischen Rezeptoren der NMJ von C. elegans und einem neuen rezeptorassoziierten ER-Proteinkomplex der Proteine NRA-2 und NRA-4 untersucht. Ihre vertebraten Homologe Nicalin und Nomo wurden zuerst im ER vom Zebrafisch im Zusammenhang mit dem TGF-β Signalweg beschrieben. Mutation der Proteine hat einen Agonist-spezifischen Einfluss auf die Aktivität von L-AChR und N-AChR. Die subzellulären Lokalisationsstudien demonstrierten, dass die beiden Proteine im ER von Muskelzellen wirken und dort mit Rezeptoruntereinheiten co-lokalisieren. Weiterhin ließ sich nachweisen, dass die relative Menge einzelner L-AChR-Untereinheiten an der synaptischen Oberfläche reduziert bzw. erhöht ist. Da die Rezeptoraktivität in Zusammenhang mit der Untereinheiten Komposition steht, wurde die Rolle von zusätzlichen Untereinheiten wie ACR-8 untersucht. Dies zeigte, dass die zusätzliche Mutation der Untereinheit acr-8 in nra-2 Mutanten den Einfluss der nra-2 Einzelmutation auf die Aktivität des L-AChR revertiert. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen lässt sich die Hypothese formulieren, dass der NRA-2/NRA-4 Komplex im ER von C. elegans als Kontrollinstanz fungiert welche dafür sorgt, dass nur die jeweils „korrekten“ Untereinheiten in funktionale Rezeptoren eingebaut bzw. andere vom Einbau in das Pentamer abgehalten werden. Durch Fehlen des aktiven Komplexes in Mutanten können nicht vorgesehene -Untereinheiten (z. B. ACR-8) in funktionale Pentamere mit veränderter Funktionalität eingebaut werden.