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How much we trust our own decisions, knowledge or perceptions influences our behavior in many everyday situations. Normally the confidence we have in our decisions is rather accurate, but under certain circumstances the subjective evaluation of a decision and its objective quality can differ heavily. Subjectively over- or underestimating the quality of decisions can lead to disadvantageous behavior. Little is known about how this feeling of confidence about a decision is generated. Is it computed automatically with the decision or does it arise in a different process?
This thesis is based on a publication that contributed to the investigation of this question by comparing the influence of two different forms of spatial attention on decision confidence. Visual spatial attention is a cognitive mechanism that serves to select parts of the visual field, leading to more accurate decisions about the attended items. It can be either voluntarily controlled (endogenous) or reflexively driven by external events (exogenous). In an orientation-matching task participants performed better in both attentional conditions than in a control condition without directed attention. Additionally, we found that only endogenous, but not exogenous attention led the subjects to overestimate the quality of their performance. The possible implications of this “relative overconfidence” were discussed with respect to the theoretical framework of spatial attention and decision confidence. The present findings support the idea that decision confidence is generated in a distinct metacognitive process. Possible ideas for further neurophysiological research are proposed. The thesis concludes with an attempt to integrate the discussion into a broader context of medical research on certain neuropsychiatric symptoms and conditions.
Throughout the entire life, new neurons of the granule cell type (GCs) are continu-ously generated in the mammalian hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). As a part of the limbic system, the hippocampus is concerned with spatial and declarative memory for-mation. Increasing evidence exists, that adult born granule cells (ABGCs) play an im-portant role in this process. An especially critical period, when these ABGCs are 4-6 weeks old, has come into the focus of research. It is during this specific time-span that the ABGCs express enhanced excitability and synaptic plasticity as well as a lowered threshold for the induction of long term potentiation (LTP), a mechanism associated to learning and memory formation.
This study investigates the time course and dynamics of synaptic integration in ABGCs and mature GCs together with which differences exist between them at various cell ages. Furthermore, spine plasticity following high frequency stimulation (HFS) is analysed focusing on a critical phase of enhanced excitability in 4-5 week old ABGCs.
In this thesis, two approaches at studying the synaptic integration and structural plas-ticity of ABGCs in rats were investigated. This work was performed on fixed brain ma-terial that was provided by two laboratories that performed the in vivo labelling, stimu-lation procedures and brain fixation. In the first project, 6, 12 and 35 weeks old XdU-labelled ABGCs were studied. Adult rats were exposed to an enriched environment and received unilateral intrahippocampal delta burst stimulation (DBS) and LTP induction. The ABGCs and a control population of mature GCs were immunohistologically ana-lysed for Egr1 (early growth response 1) expression. Egr1 is an immediate early gene (IEG), expressed after LTP induction and marks neuronal excitation.
It was found, that unilateral stimulation of the perforant path of the hippocampus re-sults in an increase of Egr1 expression in ABGCs of both hemispheres. It could be shown that the enhanced expression intensity of Egr1 in ABGCs is not a usual state of young GCs but a reaction to DBS. ABGCs from unstimulated control animals and mature GCs expressed lower levels of Egr1. Interestingly, the stimulation induced a similar degree of Egr1 expression intensity in all ABGC age groups. Furthermore, it was found that young ABGC from the infrapyramidal dentate gyrus (DG) express a higher excita-bility than those from the suprapyramidal DG.
In the second project, fixed brain sections were analysed. They stemmed from rat brains containing 28 and 35 day old ABGC that had been transfected with intrahippo-campal RV-GFP (retroviral-green fluorescent protein) injections and had received uni-lateral high frequency stimulation of the medial perforant path in vivo. Nuclear Egr1 expression intensity was analysed in a cell specific manner. Dendritic spine size was measured in the inner-, middle- and outer molecular layer (IML, MML, OML). It was found that in ABGC, stimulation induced Egr1 expression increase is lower than in ma-ture GC. Following HFS, a significant homosynaptic spine enlargement was observed in the MML indicating homosynaptic LTP, while heterosynaptic spine shrinkage was found in the adjacent IML and OML. The latter corresponds to heterosynaptic long term depression (LTD). Homosynaptic plasticity describes an input-specific potentiation of synapses that received direct activation. The weakening of synapses not stimulated dur-ing homosynaptic potentiation is oppositely coined heterosynaptic plasticity1.
A positive correlation between an increase in nuclear Egr1 expression intensity and spine enlargement due to homosynaptic plasticity induced by HFS could be shown. Concomitant heterosynaptic plasticity, as indicated by spine shrinkage was observed. Spine shrinkage in the IML and OML showed a negative correlation to a decrease in Egr1 intensity.
Taken together, the results provide detailed information on the gradual integration of ABGC with ongoing maturation. Cell specific proof for homo- and heterosynaptic plas-ticity following HFS was found in the critical period of synaptic integration of ABGCs.
After entorhinal deafferentiation of the hippocampal dentate gyrus a reinnervation of the denervated neurons by axon collaterals can be observed. This process takes place in a matter of weeks. However, the overall functional effect on the hippocampal network is still unclear.
In an effort to investigate this effect of axonal sprouting on the neuronal network of the dentate gyrus we compared the electrophysiological response of the dentate gyrus after electric stimulation in wild-type mice (WT mice) with a normal post-lesion sprouting, with genetically modified mice with an overexpression of the growth-protein CAP23 (cytoskeleton-associated protein 23). CAP23 overexpressing mice (CAP23tg mice) are known to have an enhanced axonal growth and sprouting after lesion.
The mice (both the WT as well as the CAP23tg mice) were deeply anesthetized and a lesion of the perforant path was induced stereotactically with a wire knife. After that the mice were permitted to survive for 4-6 weeks for partial reinnervation of the dentate gyrus before they were again operated and evoked potentials were measured (extracellular recordings of evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus). Non-lesioned litter-mate mice were taken as reference. The sprouting and the correct position of the electrodes was confirmed histologically.
For electrophysiological investigation we assessed laminar profiles and calculated a current-source density (CSD). In lesioned CAP23tg mice compared to lesioned WT mice this CSD-analysis revealed a significant enhancement of the current sink in the area of deafferentiation (outer molecular layer) and a significant excitation in the granule-cell layer.
Our results show that axonal sprouting seems to enhance the excitability of granule-cells. Thus, even if an enhanced axonal sprouting might accelerate the reinnervation of denervated dendrites after lesion, but it also leads to posttraumatic hyperexcitability of the neuronal network. In a therapeutic approach of fascilitating axonal sprouting this hyperexcitability has to be taken into consideration.