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We propose a new security measure for commitment protocols, called Universally Composable (UC) Commitment. The measure guarantees that commitment protocols behave like an \ideal commitment service," even when concurrently composed with an arbitrary set of protocols. This is a strong guarantee: it implies that security is maintained even when an unbounded number of copies of the scheme are running concurrently, it implies non-malleability (not only with respect to other copies of the same protocol but even with respect to other protocols), it provides resilience to selective decommitment, and more. Unfortunately two-party uc commitment protocols do not exist in the plain model. However, we construct two-party uc commitment protocols, based on general complexity assumptions, in the common reference string model where all parties have access to a common string taken from a predetermined distribution. The protocols are non-interactive, in the sense that both the commitment and the opening phases consist of a single message from the committer to the receiver.
Informally, commitment schemes can be described by lockable steely boxes. In the commitment phase, the sender puts a message into the box, locks the box and hands it over to the receiver. On one hand, the receiver does not learn anything about the message. On the other hand, the sender cannot change the message in the box anymore. In the decommitment phase the sender gives the receiver the key, and the receiver then opens the box and retrieves the message. One application of such schemes are digital auctions where each participant places his secret bid into a box and submits it to the auctioneer. In this thesis we investigate trapdoor commitment schemes. Following the abstract viewpoint of lockable boxes, a trapdoor commitment is a box with a tiny secret door. If someone knows the secret door, then this person is still able to change the committed message in the box, even after the commitment phase. Such trapdoors turn out to be very useful for the design of secure cryptographic protocols involving commitment schemes. In the first part of the thesis, we formally introduce trapdoor commitments and extend the notion to identity-based trapdoors, where trapdoors can only be used in connection with certain identities. We then recall the most popular constructions of ordinary trapdoor protocols and present new solutions for identity-based trapdoors. In the second part of the thesis, we show the usefulness of trapdoors in commitment schemes. Deploying trapdoors we construct efficient non-malleable commitment schemes which basically guarantee indepency of commitments. Furthermore, applying (identity-based) trapdoor commitments we secure well-known identification protocols against a new kind of attack. And finally, by means of trapdoors, we show how to construct composable commitment schemes that can be securely executed as subprotocols within complex protocols.
Based on the quadratic residuosity assumption we present a non-interactive crypto-computing protocol for the greater-than function, i.e., a non-interactive procedure between two parties such that only the relation of the parties' inputs is revealed. In comparison to previous solutions our protocol reduces the number of modular multiplications significantly. We also discuss applications to conditional oblivious transfer, private bidding and the millionaires' problem.
Bei der Untersuchung des Langzeitverhaltens von Verzweigungsprozessen und räumlich verzweigenden Populationen ist die Betrachtung von Stammbäumen zunehmend in den Vordergrund gerückt. Probabilistische Methoden haben die in der Theorie vorherrschenden analytischen Techniken ergänzt und zu wesentlichen neuen Einsichten geführt. Die vorliegende Synopse diskutiert eine Auswahl meiner Veröffentlichungen der letzten Jahre. Den Arbeiten ist gemeinsam, dass durch das Studium der genealogischen Verhältnisse in der Population Aussagen über deren Langzeitverhalten gewonnen werden konnten. Zwei dieser Arbeiten behandeln den klassischen Galton-Watson Prozess. Eine weitere Arbeit befasst sich mit Verzweigungsprozessen in zufälliger Umgebung, sie ist technische wesentlich anspruchsvoller. Die vierte der hier besprochenen Arbeiten beschäftigt sich mit dem Wählermodell, einem der Prototypen interagierender Teilchensysteme.
Linear-implicit versions of strong Taylor numerical schemes for finite dimensional Itô stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are shown to have the same order as the original scheme. The combined truncation and global discretization error of an gamma strong linear-implicit Taylor scheme with time-step delta applied to the N dimensional Itô-Galerkin SDE for a class of parabolic stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) with a strongly monotone linear operator with eigenvalues lambda 1 <= lambda 2 <= ... in its drift term is then estimated by K(lambda N -½ + 1 + delta gamma) where the constant K depends on the initial value, bounds on the other coefficients in the SPDE and the length of the time interval under consideration.
AMS subject classifications: 35R60, 60H15, 65M15, 65U05.
This thesis exhibits skeins based on the Homfly polynomial and their relations to Schur functions. The closures of skein-theoretic idempotents of the Hecke algebra are shown to be specializations of Schur functions. This result is applied to the calculation of the Homfly polynomial of the decorated Hopf link. A closed formula for these Homfly polynomials is given. Furthermore, the specialization of the variables to roots of unity is considered. The techniques are skein theory on the one side, and the theory of symmetric functions in the formulation of Schur functions on the other side. Many previously known results have been proved here by only using skein theory and without using knowledge about quantum groups.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Zerlegung von Irrfahrten und Lévy Prozessen an ihrem Minimum. Bis auf rudimentäre Vorkenntnisse der höheren Stochastik und einige wenige aber wichtige Sätze stellt die Arbeit alle notwendigen Begriffe und Sätze zur Verfügung, die für das Verständnis und die Beweise benötigt werden. Diese bewusste Entscheidung zur Ausführlichkeit auch bei grundlegenden Dingen hat zwei Hintergründe: Zum einen bleibt die Arbeit damit auch für Leser mit geringen Vorkenntnissen interessant, und zum anderen entsteht so keine lange und unübersichtliche Kette von Verweisen und Zitaten, die das Verständnis des dargestellten Themas erschwert und die logischen Schlüsse nur noch von Spezialisten vollständig nachvollzogen werden können. Ein weiterer Nebeneffekt ist die Tatsache, dass Verwirrungen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Interpretationen eines Begriffs vermieden werden. Das weitere Vorwort teilt sich in zwei Abschnitte; zum einen in den Abschnitt der Irrfahrten und zum anderen in den Abschnitt der Lévy-Prozesse. Diese Einteilung spiegelt auch die Strukturierung der Arbeit selber wieder; ein Blick in das Inhaltsverzeichnis verrät, dass zuerst Irrfahrten und danach Lévy Prozesse behandelt werden.