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The question of athrepsia
(1911)
Emil Sioli †
(1923)
In the United States, culdoscopy (a vaginal approach to view the abdomen) replaced laparoscopy for about 20 years, circa 1950-1970. In contrast to many of his colleagues, Hans Frangenheim of Wuppertal, Germany, was not satisfied with culdoscopy and turned to an abdominal approach. Frangenheim began publishing his experiences with gynecological laparoscopy in 1958 and stressed technical improvements. He constructed a CO2 insufflator, wrote the first book on gynecological endoscopy, and introduced "cold light" into laparoscopy. Frangenheim strongly stimulated the rise of gynecological laparoscopy in Europe in the 1960s and later.
This profile of laparoscopic pioneers between the world wars "spotlights" Heinz Kalk, a German surgeon, and John C. Ruddock, an American internist. Social, political and economic upheavals characterized the decades between World War I and World War II and, along with geographic and communication restraints, permitted the concept of laparoscopy to develop differently in separate settings.