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Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic derangement, and the associated injuries. The management of splenic trauma patients aims to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology especially considering the modern tools for bleeding management. Thus, the management of splenic trauma should be ultimately multidisciplinary and based on the physiology of the patient, the anatomy of the injury, and the associated lesions. Lastly, as the management of adults and children must be different, children should always be treated in dedicated pediatric trauma centers. In fact, the vast majority of pediatric patients with blunt splenic trauma can be managed non-operatively. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of splenic trauma and the management guidelines.
Danger signals in trauma
(2018)
This review summarizes a short list of currently discussed trauma-induced danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). Due to the bivalent character and often pleiotropic effects of a DAMP, it is difficult to describe its “friend or foe” role in post-traumatic inflammation and regeneration, both systemically as well locally in tissues. DAMP can be used as biomarkers to indicate or monitor disease or injury severity, but also may serve as clinically applicable parameters for better indication and timing of surgery. Due to the inflammatory processes at the local tissue level or the systemic level, the precise role of DAMP is not always clear to define. While in vitro and experimental studies allow for the detection of these biomarkers at the different levels of an organism—cellular, tissue, circulation—this is not always easily transferable to the human setting. Increased knowledge exploring the dual role of DAMP after trauma, and concentrating on their nuclear functions, transcriptional targets, release mechanisms, cellular sources, multiple functions, their interactions and potential therapeutic targeting is warranted.
Characterization of blunt chest trauma in a long-term porcine model of severe multiple trauma
(2016)
Chest trauma has a significant relevance on outcome after severe trauma. Clinically, impaired lung function typically occurs within 72 hours after trauma. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to establish an experimental long-term model to investigate physiological, morphologic and inflammatory changes, after severe trauma. Male pigs (sus scrofa) sustained severe trauma (including unilateral chest trauma, femur fracture, liver laceration and hemorrhagic shock). Additionally, non-injured animals served as sham controls. Chest trauma resulted in severe lung damage on both CT and histological analyses. Furthermore, severe inflammation with a systemic increase of IL-6 (p = 0.0305) and a local increase of IL-8 in BAL (p = 0.0009) was observed. The pO2/FiO2 ratio in trauma animals decreased over the observation period (p < 0.0001) but not in the sham group (p = 0.2967). Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) revealed differences between the traumatized and healthy lung (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, a clinically relevant, long-term model of blunt chest trauma with concomitant injuries has been developed. This reproducible model allows to examine local and systemic consequences of trauma and is valid for investigation of potential diagnostic or therapeutic options. In this context, EIT might represent a radiation-free method for bedside diagnostics.
Damage control resuscitation may lead to postoperative intra-abdominal hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome. These conditions may result in a vicious, self-perpetuating cycle leading to severe physiologic derangements and multiorgan failure unless interrupted by abdominal (surgical or other) decompression. Further, in some clinical situations, the abdomen cannot be closed due to the visceral edema, the inability to control the compelling source of infection or the necessity to re-explore (as a “planned second-look” laparotomy) or complete previously initiated damage control procedures or in cases of abdominal wall disruption. The open abdomen in trauma and non-trauma patients has been proposed to be effective in preventing or treating deranged physiology in patients with severe injuries or critical illness when no other perceived options exist. Its use, however, remains controversial as it is resource consuming and represents a non-anatomic situation with the potential for severe adverse effects. Its use, therefore, should only be considered in patients who would most benefit from it. Abdominal fascia-to-fascia closure should be done as soon as the patient can physiologically tolerate it. All precautions to minimize complications should be implemented.
Background: Recognizing patients at risk for pulmonary complications (PC) is of high clinical relevance. Migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to inflammatory sites plays an important role in PC, and is tightly regulated by specific chemokines including interleukin (IL)−8 and other mediators such as leukotriene (LT)B4. Previously, we have reported that LTB4 indicated early patients at risk for PC after trauma. Here, the relevance of LTB4 to indicating lung integrity in a newly established long-term porcine severe trauma model (polytrauma, PT) was explored.
Methods: mTwelve pigs (3 months old, 30 ± 5 kg) underwent PT including standardized femur fracture, lung contusion, liver laceration, hemorrhagic shock, subsequent resuscitation and surgical fracture fixation. Six animals served as controls (sham). After 72 h lung damage and inflammatory changes were assessed. LTB4 was determined in plasma before the experiment, immediately after trauma, and after 2, 4, 24 or 72 h. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-fluid was collected prior and after the experiment.
Results: Lung injury, local gene expression of IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18 and PMN-infiltration into lungs increased significantly in PT compared with sham. Systemic LTB4 increased markedly in both groups 4 h after trauma. Compared with declined plasma LTB4 levels in sham, LTB4 increased further in PT after 72 h. Similar increase was observed in BAL-fluid after PT.
Conclusions: In a severe trauma model, sustained changes in terms of lung injury and inflammation are determined at day 3 post-trauma. Specifically, increased LTB4 in this porcine long-term model indicated a rapid inflammatory alteration both locally and systemically. The results support the concept of LTB4 as a biomarker for PC after severe trauma and lung contusion.
Die Umstellung der Abrechnung unfallchirurgischer Patienten von der Bundespflegesatzordnung (BPflV) auf die von Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) abhängige Vergütung stellt die Akutkrankenhäuser, die im Wesentlichen die Versorgung der Schwerstverletzten sicherstellen, vor erhebliche finanzielle Schwierigkeiten. Die Diskrepanz zwischen tatsächlichen Aufwendungen des Krankenhauses an Lohn- und Sachkosten zur Behandlung der Leicht- sowie Schwerverletzten und der Vergütung nach den German Diagnosis Related Groups (G-DRG) wird zur Existenzfrage der unfallchirurgischen Kliniken in Deutschland. Die vorliegende Arbeit will klären, wie hoch die finanziellen Aufwendungen sind, um in einem Haus der Maximalversorgung Patienten zu behandeln, die im Rahmen ihrer unfallchirurgischen Notfallbehandlung über den Schockraum aufgenommen werden. Es wurde berechnet, ob die ermittelten reellen Kosten sich durch die erhaltenen Erstattungen, bis zum 31.12. 2003 auf Grundlage des Krankenhauspflegesatzes und durch das zum 01.01.2004 eingeführte DRG-Vergütungssystem, decken lassen. Falls dies nicht der Fall ist, gilt darzustellen, in welchem Rahmen sich die Über- bzw. Unterdeckung bewegt und ob ein alternatives Vergütungssystem die entstandenen Kosten besser abbilden könnte. Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden im Routineablauf des Schockraums der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt/Main im Zeitraum vom 01.09.2002 bis 31.08.2003 420 Erwachsene mit unterschiedlichen Verletzungsmustern prospektiv erfasst. Die Dokumentation erfolgte mittels des PC gestützten Online Dokumentationsprogramms Traumawatch ®. Aufgrund der Verletzungsmuster wurde bei allen Schockraumpatienten der Injury Severity Score (ISS) bestimmt und 5 Untergruppen gebildet (Gr.1 ISS < 9, Gr.2 ISS >= 9 < 16, Gr.3 ISS >= 16 < 25, Gr.4 ISS >= 25 < 41, Gr.5 ISS >= 41). Stichprobenartig wurden jeder Gruppe 10 Patienten entnommen und der Kostenkalkulation zugeführt. Zur Ermittlung der gesamten Personal- und Sachkosten, die durch die stationäre Behandlung der 50 Patienten entstanden, wurden Daten des Operativen Controllings der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt verwendet. Diese Berechnungen wurden den Erstattungen durch die BPflV und durch G-DRG gegenüber gestellt. Es ergab sich für die berechneten Schockraumpatienten bei einem mittleren ISS von 22,6 eine durchschnittliche Vergütung nach G-DRG von 14.557 Euro gegenüber Aufwendungen in Höhe von 19.010 Euro, welches einem Verlust von durchschnittlich 4.453 Euro pro Patient entspräche. Für die Klinik errechnete sich ein Gesamtverlust von ca. 1,5 Millionen Euro im Jahr für die Versorgung von 420 Patienten, die über den Schockraum aufgenommen wurden. Die Gegenüberstellung der Kosten und der Verletzungsschwere nach ISS-Klassifikation ergab einen Durchschnittswert von 1.300 Euro pro ISS-Punkt mit einer Korrelation von 0,98. Eine Vergütung in Abhängigkeit des ISS hätte Vorteile gegenüber der starren Einteilung in DRG-Gruppen, insbesondere der „Polytrauma DRGs“. Das bisher notwendige und zum Teil komplexe „Groupen“ der Patienten in eine Haupt- und Nebendiagnose würde entfallen. Als Grundlage der Vergütung wäre die international anerkannte, genau definierte und einfache Erfassung der Verletzungsschwere mittels ISS geeignet.