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Institute
Small bowel endoscopy is crucial for diagnosing small bowel Crohn’s disease, and capsule endoscopy is complemented by balloon-assisted enteroscopy to take biopsies and by magnetic resonance imaging to visualize enteral and extra-intestinal involvement. Recently, imaging has also become a key instrument to manage Crohn’s disease patients. Treatment control is advised for patients who have undergone bowel resections and is increasingly used to testify treatment success in non-operated patients, too. In this review we present the modern imaging methods to diagnose and to manage Crohn’s disease with a special focus on the small bowel. Moreover, current knowledge on the impact of diagnostic methods on the patients’ outcome is reported.
Background: We aimed to investigate the influences of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on response evaluation, as reflected by the postimperative negative variation (PINV), a slow event-related potential. Methods: We investigated PINV as an indicator of performance uncertainty in an audio-visual contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm with an interstimulus interval of 3 seconds. A constant, unilateral, quick motor reaction with either the right or the left thumb was required after an auditory forewarned (S1) visual imperative stimulus (S2). We examined 18 ADHD patients (combined or hyperactive-impulsive subtype) aged between 8 and 14 years and an age-, sex and IQ-matched control group of 19 healthy subjects using 64-channel high-density EEG. A first run was recorded drug-free, a second one under methylphenidate (MPH) medication in the ADHD group. Results: We found a significantly increased negativity of the PINV-component over the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in ADHD children compared to the healthy control group. PINV amplitude was influenced by movement side, most likely due to the slightly more difficult task when left hand responses were required. After the intake of MPH, PINV amplitudes of ADHD children normalized. Conclusions: We conclude that children with ADHD are likely to be more uncertain about the correctness of their performance and interpret the increased PINV as a hint towards compensatory mechanisms for a deficit in the evaluation of contingencies. Further studies are needed to assess the exact extent to which remainders of eye-movement related potentials contribute to PINV amplitude despite the correction for eye-artifacts.
Introduction: This study presents our online-teaching material within the k-MED project (Knowledge in Medical Education) at the university of Marburg. It is currently organized in five e-learning modules: cytogenetics, chromosomal aberrations, formal genetics, fundamentals of molecular diagnostics, and congenital abnormalities and syndromes. These are basic courses intended to do the educational groundwork, which will enable academic teachers to concentrate on more sophisticated topics during their lectures. Methods: The e-learning modules have been offered to a large group of about 3300 students during four years at the Faculty of Medicine in Marburg. The group consists of science students (human biology) and medical students in the preclinical or the clinical period, respectively. Participants were surveyed on acceptance by evaluating user-tracking data and questionnaires. Results and Conclusion: Analysis of the evaluation data proofs the broad acceptance of the e-learning modules during eight semesters. The courses are in stable or even increasing use from winter term 2005/06 until spring term 2009. Conclusion: Our e-learning-model is broadly accepted among students with different levels of knowledge at the Faculty of Medicine in Marburg. If the e-learning courses are maintained thoroughly, minor adaptations can increase acceptance and usage even furthermore. Their use should be extended to the medical education of technical assistances and nurses, who work in the field of human genetics. Keywords: Human genetics, e-Learning, evaluation, multimedia
Adhesion and host cell modulation: critical pathogenicity determinants of Bartonella henselae
(2011)
Bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis, contains to date two groups of described pathogenicity factors: adhesins and type IV secretion systems. Bartonella adhesin A (BadA), the Trw system and possibly filamentous hemagglutinin act as promiscous or specific adhesins, whereas the virulence locus (Vir)B/VirD4 type IV secretion system modulates a variety of host cell functions. BadA mediates bacterial adherence to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins and triggers the induction of angiogenic gene programming. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system is responsible for, e.g., inhibition of host cell apoptosis, bacterial persistence in erythrocytes, and endothelial sprouting. The Trw-conjugation system of Bartonella spp. mediates host-specific adherence to erythrocytes. Filamentous hemagglutinins represent additional potential pathogenicity factors which are not yet characterized. The exact molecular functions of these pathogenicity factors and their contribution to an orchestral interplay need to be analyzed to understand B. henselae pathogenicity in detail.
Background: Care management programmes are an effective approach to care for high risk patients with complex care needs resulting from multiple co-occurring medical and non-medical conditions. These patients are likely to be hospitalized for a potentially "avoidable" cause. Nurse-led care management programmes for high risk elderly patients showed promising results. Care management programmes based on health care assistants (HCAs) targeting adult patients with a high risk of hospitalisation may be an innovative approach to deliver cost-efficient intensified care to patients most in need. Methods: PraCMan is a cluster randomized controlled trial with primary care practices as unit of randomisation. The study evaluates a complex primary care practice-based care management of patients at high risk for future hospitalizations. Eligible patients either suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure or any combination. Patients with a high likelihood of hospitalization within the following 12 months (based on insurance data) will be included in the trial. During 12 months of intervention patients of the care management group receive comprehensive assessment of medical and non-medical needs and resources as well as regular structured monitoring of symptoms. Assessment and monitoring will be performed by trained HCAs from the participating practices. Additionally, patients will receive written information, symptom diaries, action plans and a medication plan to improve self-management capabilities. This intervention is addition to usual care. Patients from the control group receive usual care. Primary outcome is the number of all-cause hospitalizations at 12 months follow-up, assessed by insurance claims data. Secondary outcomes are health-related quality of life (SF12, EQ5D), quality of chronic illness care (PACIC), health care utilisation and costs, medication adherence (MARS), depression status and severity (PHQ-9), self-management capabilities and clinical parameters. Data collection will be performed at baseline, 12 and 24 months (12 months post-intervention). Discussion: Practice-based care management for high risk individuals involving trained HCAs appears to be a promising approach to face the needs of an aging population with increasing care demands. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN56104508
Bei gesunden Menschen verläuft die Infektion mit Bartonella henselae als vergleichsweise harmlose "Katzenkratzkrankheit". Erst mit Beginn der AIDS-Pandemie zeigte sich, dass das Bakterium bei immungeschwächten Patienten auch die pathologische Neubildung von Blutgefäßen auslösen kann. Diese Pathogenitätsstrategie unterscheidet die Spezies der Bartonellen von allen anderen bakteriellen Infektionserregern des Menschen. Für Mikrobiologen ist Bartonella henselae deshalb ein interessanter Modellorganismus, weil Blutgefäßwachstum in erster Linie eine Domäne der Tumorforschung ist.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Validität und die Durchführbarkeit der ultraschallgeführten Vakuumbiopsie von Brustläsionen mit dem HHMT zu erforschen. Anhand von 1000 prospektiv erfassten VB bei 846 Frauen aus dem Zeitraum 2000 bis 2006 haben wir untersuchen wollen, ob die ultraschallgeführte VB eine Alternat ive zur offenen Exzisionsbiopsie darstellt. Das mediane Alter liegt bei 45 Jahren. Wir haben für die VB zwei Nadelgrößen (11 und 8G) verwendet. Der Vergleich der verwendeten Nadeln ergab in Hinblick auf die Zeitdauer, der produzierten Gewebezylinder und Hämatomgrößen keinen signif ikanten Unterschied. Bei einer medianen Größe von 11mm waren etwa 86% der Läsionen kleiner als 2cm. Zur Auswertung haben wir die Indikationen der VB in 6 Gruppen verteilt: V.a. Fibroadenome und Zysten (sympt.), Unklare Rundherde, V.a. Mastopathieareale, V.a. Karzinomrezidiv, V.a. DCIS und V.a. Mammakarzinom. In mehr als 90% der VB wurden keine Schmerzen und eine hervorragende Toleranz der Methode angegeben, was auf ein schmerzarmes und schonendes Verfahren hindeutet. In 95% konnten wir eine nur minimale Blutung während der VB beobachten. Die histologischen Ergebnisse verteilen sich auf 88% sicher gutartige Diagnosen und 12% weiter abklärungs- oder therapiebedürf tige Befunde, davon unter teilt in 7% Karzinome, 2% DCIS und Atypie und 3% B3 Läsionen. Nach Auswertung der endgült igen histologischen Resultate der nachoperierten B3 Läsionen haben wir in 2 Fällen eine Unterschätzung vorgefunden, so dass die endgültige Histologie von DCIS und ADH nach VB zusätzlich ein invasives Karzinom ergab. Dies entspr icht einer Unterschätzungsrate von 0,2% (2/1000). Die Sensit ivität liegt aufgrund dessen bei 99,8% und die Spezif ität bei 100%. In 89% der 903 messbaren Läsionen mit durchschnittlich 13mm Durchmesser haben wir eine sonographische Komplettresektion erreicht. Die histologische Komplettresektionsrate liegt dagegen in einem Subkollektiv von 40 Karzinomfällen bei 33% (R0). Hier erscheint es uns nicht sinnvoll bei sonographisch komplett entfernten Karzinomen auf eine def init ive Operation zu verzichten. Die Gesamtkomplikationsrate liegt bei 4% und entspr icht damit den Angaben in der Literatur. In 0,6% der Fälle wurde die Biopsie wegen einer Komplikation abgebrochen, in 0,5% kam es zu relevanten post-intervent ionellen Komplikationen, die weitere operative Interventionen nach sich zogen und in 2,9% fanden wir passagere Beeinträchtigungen ohne bleibende Veränderungen an der betroffenen Brust. Schwerwiegende Komplikationen waren nicht zu verzeichnen gewesen. In 86% (n=679) der 791 Nachuntersuchungen nach 4 Tagen war ein intramammäres Hämatom im Ultraschall nachweisbar. Nach vier Wochen haben wir eine normale Resorption beobachtet, so dass 95% der Hämatome kleiner als 2 cm waren, nach 4 Monate nahezu 100%. Eine Umf rage an 219 Patient innen, mit einer Teilnahme von 67,5%, beschreibt die VB mit dem HHMT als eine sichere und schmerzarme Methode. Hämatome, Sugillationen und Narben wurden als nicht störend eingestuft. Bei einer außergewöhnlich hohen Patient innenzufriedenheit würden 96% der Frauen die VB gegenüber der offenen Biopsie bei einem erneuten Eingrif f favorisieren. Diese Umf rageergebnisse unterstreichen die Ergebnisse der prospektiven Datenauswertung und sind im Einklang mit den Resultaten der Literatur. Die ultraschallgeführte VB ist schonend und komplikationsarm, wird von Pat ient innen sehr gut akzeptiert und bestätigt die Patientinnenfreundlichkeit des Verfahrens. Die kurze Zeitdauer des Eingriffes, die ambulante Durchführbarkeit sowie die hervorragenden kosmetischen Ergebnisse zeichnen diese Biopsiemethode aus. Die VB mit dem HHMT stellt somit eine sinnvolle, sichere und kostengünst igere Methode zur Entfernung ausgewählter Läsionen im Vergleich zur konvent ionellen offenen Biopsie dar. In Hinblick auf weiter abklärungsbedürf tige Befunde (BIRADS IV Läsionen) bietet die VB eine höhere diagnostische Sicherheit als die CC-Biopsie zum Ausschluss (oder zum Nachweis) eines Karzinoms.
Background: High baseline levels of IP-10 predict a slower first phase decline in HCV RNA and a poor outcome following interferon/ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Several recent studies report that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) adjacent to IL28B predict spontaneous resolution of HCV infection and outcome of treatment among HCV genotype 1 infected patients. Methods and Findings: In the present study, we correlated the occurrence of variants at three such SNPs (rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917) with pretreatment plasma IP-10 and HCV RNA throughout therapy within a phase III treatment trial (HCV-DITTO) involving 253 Caucasian patients. The favorable SNP variants (CC, AA, and TT, respectively) were associated with lower baseline IP-10 (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, P = 0.04) and were less common among HCV genotype 1 infected patients than genotype 2/3 (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, and P = 0.01). Patients carrying favorable SNP genotypes had higher baseline viral load than those carrying unfavorable variants (P = 0.0013, P = 0.029, P = 0.0004 respectively). Among HCV genotype 1 infected carriers of the favorable C, A, or T alleles, IP-10 below 150 pg/mL significantly predicted a more pronounced reduction of HCV RNA from day 0 to 4 (first phase decline), which translated into increased rates of RVR (62%, 53%, and 39%) and SVR (85%, 76%, and 75% respectively) among homozygous carriers with baseline IP-10 below 150 pg/mL. In multivariate analyses of genotype 1-infected patients, baseline IP-10 and C genotype at rs12979860 independently predicted the first phase viral decline and RVR, which in turn independently predicted SVR. Conclusions: Concomitant assessment of pretreatment IP-10 and IL28B-related SNPs augments the prediction of the first phase decline in HCV RNA, RVR, and final therapeutic outcome.
Forgotten features of head zones and their relation to diagnostically relevant acupuncture points
(2011)
In the 1890s Sir Henry Head discovered certain areas of the skin that develop tenderness (allodynia) in the course of visceral disease. These areas were later termed ‘Head zones’. In addition, he also emphasized the existence of specific points within these zones, that he called ‘maximum points’, a finding that seems to be almost forgotten today. We hypothesized that two important groups of acupuncture points, the diagnostically relevant Mu and Shu points, spatially and functionally coincide with these maximum points to a large extent. A comparison of Head's papers with the Huang Di Neijing (Yellow Thearch's Inner Classic) and the Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), two of the oldest still extant Chinese sources on acupuncture, revealed astonishing parallels between the two concepts regarding both point locations and functional aspects. These findings suggest that the Chinese discovery of viscerocutaneous reflexes preceded the discovery in the West by more than 2000 years. Furthermore, the fact that Chinese medicine uses Mu and Shu points not only diagnostically but also therapeutically may give us new insights into the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture.
The study of multiple indices of diffusion, including axial (DA), radial (DR) and mean diffusion (MD), as well as fractional anisotropy (FA), enables WM damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) to be assessed in detail. Here, tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were performed on scans of 40 healthy elders, 19 non-amnestic MCI (MCIna) subjects, 14 amnestic MCI (MCIa) subjects and 9 AD patients. Significantly higher DA was found in MCIna subjects compared to healthy elders in the right posterior cingulum/precuneus. Significantly higher DA was also found in MCIa subjects compared to healthy elders in the left prefrontal cortex, particularly in the forceps minor and uncinate fasciculus. In the MCIa versus MCIna comparison, significantly higher DA was found in large areas of the left prefrontal cortex. For AD patients, the overlap of FA and DR changes and the overlap of FA and MD changes were seen in temporal, parietal and frontal lobes, as well as the corpus callosum and fornix. Analysis of differences between the AD versus MCIna, and AD versus MCIa contrasts, highlighted regions that are increasingly compromised in more severe disease stages. Microstructural damage independent of gross tissue loss was widespread in later disease stages. Our findings suggest a scheme where WM damage begins in the core memory network of the temporal lobe, cingulum and prefrontal regions, and spreads beyond these regions in later stages. DA and MD indices were most sensitive at detecting early changes in MCIa.