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Der "Schwangerschaftstumor", auch als Granuloma gravidarum bezeichnet, ist nicht neoplastischer, eher hyperplastischer Natur. Aufgrund seines schnellen Wachstums wird er häufig als malignes Geschehen mißgedeutet. Der Schwangerschaftstumor ist ein entzündliches Geschehen, welches durch lokale Reizfaktoren ausgelöst wird. Das Besondere hier ist, daß aufgrund der veränderten Hormonlage während der Schwangerschaft die Bereitschaft der Gingiva erhöht wird, auf die genannten Faktoren zu reagieren. Mit dieser Hyperplasie vergesellschaftet ist häufig eine Gingivitis in der Schwangerschaft. Aus dieser Erkenntnis leitet sich auch die Therapie des Schwangerschftstumors ab, welche primär darin besteht, die Reizfaktoren zu eliminieren und für eine gute Mundhygiene zu sorgen. Erreicht wird dies durch Zahnreinigungsmaßnahmen und Mundhygieneinstruktionen zur Optimierung der häuslichen Zahnpflege. Persistiert der "Tumor", kann auch chirurgisch interveniert werden. In einer eigenen Erhebung konnten 2 Verdachtsfälle eines Schwangerschaftstumors der Gingiva festgestellt werden.
Das Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ist Auslöser einer oftmals chronisch verlaufenden Leberentzündung mit einem erhöhten Risiko für die Entwicklung einer Leberzirrhose und deren Folgen. Die weltweite Prävalenz der Hepatitis C beträgt ca. 3%; allein in Deutschland treten jährlich mehr als 5000 Neuinfektionen auf. Das HCV lässt sich aufgrund phylogenetischer Untersuchungen in mindestens 6 Genotypen und jeweils mehrere Subtypen einteilen, wobei der HCV Subtyp 1b in Europa am häufigsten vorkommt. Die Hepatitis C Forschung wurde lange Zeit durch das Fehlen eines geeigneten Zellkulturmodells erschwert. Mit der Etablierung eines stabil replizierenden Zellkulturmodells in humanen Hepatomazellen 1999 durch Lohmann et al. wurden erstmals molekularbiologische Untersuchungen in grossem Umfang möglich. Die seither existierenden Zellkulturmodelle haben jedoch den Nachteil, dass nicht definiert ist, wie sich das Isolat, aus dem das Replikon geschaffen wurde, klinisch verhält. Unter einer Interferon-basierten Therapie sprechen manche Patienten mit einer dauerhaften Negativierung der HCV RNA Konzentration an (sustained responder, SR), während bei anderen sowohl während als auch nach Therapieende weiterhin HCV RNA im Blut nachweisbar ist (non-responder, NR), obwohl beide Patienten mit demselben Subtyp von HCV infiziert sind und dieselbe Therapie erhalten. Die Ursachen für dieses unterschiedliche Therapieansprechen sind basierend auf Mutationsstudien von HCV Isolaten von Patienten mit unterschiedlichem Therapieansprechen zumindest teilweise genomisch bedingt. Daher wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei Konsensusklone zur Einbringung in ein replikatives Zellkulturmodell aus HCV Subtyp 1b Isolaten geschaffen, deren klinisches Verhalten unter Therapie klar charakterisiert ist. Dazu wurde Serum von je einem Patienten herangezogen, der unter definierten Studienbedingungen als SR oder NR bekannt war. Aus den Sera wurde die Virus-RNA extrahiert und mit Hilfe eines eigens dafür entwickelten RT-PCR-Protokolls und anschließender Klonierung in E. coli vervielfältigt. Um zufällige Mutationen und seltene Quasispezies auszuschließen, wurde dann nach vollständiger Sequenzierung von jeweils vier Einzelklonen mittels gezielter Mutagenese und Umklonierung eine Konsensussequenz geschaffen, die einen Durchschnitt der am häufigsten vorkommenden Quasispezies darstellt. Diese Konsensusklone wurden in einen Vektor zur Herstellung von RNA Transkripten eingefügt, so dass die Transkripte direkt zur Einbringung als Replikons in Zellkulturen genutzt werden können. Mit diesen klinisch charakterisierten Isolaten kann nun erstmals nach Unterschieden geforscht werden, die ursächlich für Therapieerfolg oder –misserfolg sein könnten. So können eventuell neue Therapieformen gefunden oder bereits vor Beginn einer Therapie eine Aussage zur Prognose getroffen werden.
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) has a high prevalence in primary care. Conservative, guideline orientated approaches aiming at improving pain treatment and increasing physical activity, have been proven to be effective in several contexts outside the primary care setting, as for instance the Arthritis Self management Programs (ASMPs). But it remains unclear if these comprehensive evidence based approaches can improve patients' quality of life if they are provided in a primary care setting. Methods/Design: PraxArt is a cluster randomised controlled trial with GPs as the unit of randomisation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive evidence based medical education of GPs on individual care and patients' quality of life. 75 GPs were randomised either to intervention group I or II or to a control group. Each GP will include 15 patients suffering from osteoarthritis according to the criteria of ACR. In intervention group I GPs will receive medical education and patient education leaflets including a physical exercise program. In intervention group II the same is provided, but in addition a practice nurse will be trained to monitor via monthly telephone calls adherence to GPs prescriptions and advices and ask about increasing pain and possible side effects of medication. In the control group no intervention will be applied at all. Main outcome measurement for patients' QoL is the GERMAN-AIMS2-SF questionnaire. In addition data about patients' satisfaction (using a modified EUROPEP-tool), medication, health care utilization, comorbidity, physical activity and depression (using PHQ-9) will be retrieved. Measurements (pre data collection) will take place in months I-III, starting in June 2005. Post data collection will be performed after 6 months. Discussion: Despite the high prevalence and increasing incidence, comprehensive and evidence based treatment approaches for OA in a primary care setting are neither established nor evaluated in Germany. If the evaluation of the presented approach reveals a clear benefit it is planned to provide this GP-centred interventions on a much larger scale.
Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is performed mainly in patients with high-risk or advanced hematologic malignancies and congenital or acquired aplastic anemias. In the context of the significant risk of graft failure after allo-HSCT from alternative donors and the risk of relapse in recipients transplanted for malignancy, the precise monitoring of posttransplant hematopoietic chimerism is of utmost interest. Useful molecular methods for chimerism quantification after allogeneic transplantation, aimed at distinguishing precisely between donor's and recipient's cells, are PCR-based analyses of polymorphic DNA markers. Such analyses can be performed regardless of donor's and recipient's sex. Additionally, in patients after sex-mismatched allo-HSCT, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can be applied. Methods: We compared different techniques for analysis of posttransplant chimerism, namely FISH and PCR-based molecular methods with automated detection of fluorescent products in an ALFExpress DNA Sequencer (Pharmacia) or ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer (PE). We used Spearman correlation test. Results: We have found high correlation between results obtained from the PCR/ALF Express and PCR/ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer. Lower, but still positive correlations were found between results of FISH technique and results obtained using automated DNA sizing technology. Conclusions: All the methods applied enable a rapid and accurate detection of post-HSCT chimerism.
Background: To investigate the occupational risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection in a low-incidence setting, data from a prospective study of patients with culture-confirmed TB conducted in Hamburg, Germany, from 1997 to 2002 were evaluated. Methods: M. tuberculosis isolates were genotyped by IS6110 RFLP analysis. Results of contact tracing and additional patient interviews were used for further epidemiological analyses. Results: Out of 848 cases included in the cluster analysis, 286 (33.7%) were classified into 76 clusters comprising 2 to 39 patients. In total, two patients in the non-cluster and eight patients in the cluster group were health-care workers. Logistic regression analysis confirmed work in the health-care sector as the strongest predictor for clustering (OR 17.9). However, only two of the eight transmission links among the eight clusters involving health-care workers had been detected previously. Overall, conventional contact tracing performed before genotyping had identified only 26 (25.2%) of the 103 contact persons with the disease among the clustered cases whose transmission links were epidemiologically verified. Conclusion: Recent transmission was found to be strongly associated with health-care work in a setting with low incidence of TB. Conventional contact tracing alone was shown to be insufficient to discover recent transmission chains. The data presented also indicate the need for establishing improved TB control strategies in health-care settings.
Introduction: ScFv(FRP5)-ETA is a recombinant antibody toxin with binding specificity for ErbB2 (HER2). It consists of an N-terminal single-chain antibody fragment (scFv), genetically linked to truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA). Potent antitumoral activity of scFv(FRP5)-ETA against ErbB2-overexpressing tumor cells was previously demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. Here we report the first systemic application of scFv(FRP5)-ETA in human cancer patients.
Methods: We have performed a phase I dose-finding study, with the objective to assess the maximum tolerated dose and the dose-limiting toxicity of intravenously injected scFv(FRP5)-ETA. Eighteen patients suffering from ErbB2-expressing metastatic breast cancers, prostate cancers, head and neck cancer, non small cell lung cancer, or transitional cell carcinoma were treated. Dose levels of 2, 4, 10, 12.5, and 20 μg/kg scFv(FRP5)-ETA were administered as five daily infusions each for two consecutive weeks.
Results: No hematologic, renal, and/or cardiovascular toxicities were noted in any of the patients treated. However, transient elevation of liver enzymes was observed, and considered dose limiting, in one of six patients at the maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg, and in two of three patients at 20 μg/kg. Fifteen minutes after injection, peak concentrations of more than 100 ng/ml scFv(FRP5)-ETA were obtained at a dose of 10 μg/kg, indicating that predicted therapeutic levels of the recombinant protein can be applied without inducing toxic side effects. Induction of antibodies against scFv(FRP5)-ETA was observed 8 days after initiation of therapy in 13 patients investigated, but only in five of these patients could neutralizing activity be detected. Two patients showed stable disease and in three patients clinical signs of activity in terms of signs and symptoms were observed (all treated at doses ≥ 10 μg/kg). Disease progression occurred in 11 of the patients.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that systemic therapy with scFv(FRP5)-ETA can be safely administered up to a maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg in patients with ErbB2-expressing tumors, justifying further clinical development.
First paragraph (this article has no abstract) Persistent stimulation of nociceptors results in sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons, which is associated with hyperalgesia and allodynia. The release of NO and subsequent synthesis of cGMP in the spinal cord are involved in this process. cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) has been suggested to act as a downstream target of cGMP, but its exact role in nociception hadn't been characterized yet. To further evaluate the NO/cGMP/PKG-I pathway in nociception we assessed the effects of PKG-I inhibiton and activaton in the rat formalin assay and analyzed the nociceptive behavior of PKG-I-/- mice. Open access article.
Background: Tumor development remains one of the major obstacles following organ transplantation. Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus directly contribute to enhanced malignancy, whereas the influence of the novel compound mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on tumor cell dissemination has not been explored. We therefore investigated the adhesion capacity of colon, pancreas, prostate and kidney carcinoma cell lines to endothelium, as well as their beta1 integrin expression profile before and after MMF treatment. Methods: Tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cell monolayers was evaluated in the presence of 0.1 and 1 μM MMF and compared to unstimulated controls. beta1 integrin analysis included alpha1beta1 (CD49a), alpha2beta1 (CD49b), alpha3beta1 (CD49c), alpha4beta1 (CD49d), alpha5beta1 (CD49e), and alpha6beta1 (CD49f) receptors, and was carried out by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Results: Adhesion of the colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 was strongly reduced in the presence of 0.1 μM MMF. This effect was accompanied by down-regulation of alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 surface expression and of alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 coding mRNA. Adhesion of the prostate tumor cell line DU-145 was blocked dose-dependently by MMF. In contrast to MMF's effects on HT-29 cells, MMF dose-dependently up-regulated alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, and alpha5beta1 on DU-145 tumor cell membranes. Conclusion: We conclude that MMF possesses distinct anti-tumoral properties, particularly in colon and prostate carcinoma cells. Adhesion blockage of HT-29 cells was due to the loss of alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 surface expression, which might contribute to a reduced invasive behaviour of this tumor entity. The enhancement of integrin beta1 subtypes observed in DU-145 cells possibly causes re-differentiation towards a low-invasive phenotype.
E-Learning soll im Rahmen der allgemeinmedizinischen Ausbildung von Medizinstudierenden erprobt werden. Ein zielgruppenspezifisches, multimodulares Online-Angebot begleitet Medizinstudenten des 10. Semesters während ihres dezentralen Praktikums in hausärztlichen Praxen. Folgende Lehrziele werden angestrebt: (1) Einführung in das E-Learning, (2) Klinische Allgemeinmedizin - Online-Modul, (3) Chronic Care Online-Modul, (4) Online-Bewerbung. Die systematische Evaluation zeigt, dass E-Learning die Kommunikation der Studierenden untereinander und mit der universitären Lehreinheit während des Praktikum fördert. Auf der Grundlage der in diesem Pilotversuch gewonnenen Erfahrungen erscheint die Kombination mit Präsenzunterricht (Blended Learning) eine vielversprechende Option für die allgemeinmedizinische Ausbildung zu sein.