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Plasticity resembling spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity: the evidence in human cortex
(2010)
Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied extensively in a variety of animal models during the past decade but whether it can be studied at the systems level of the human cortex has been a matter of debate. Only recently newly developed non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have made it possible to induce and assess timing dependent plasticity in conscious human subjects. This review will present a critical synopsis of these experiments, which suggest that several of the principal characteristics and molecular mechanisms of TMS-induced plasticity correspond to those of STDP as studied at a cellular level. TMS combined with a second phasic stimulation modality can induce bidirectional long-lasting changes in the excitability of the stimulated cortex, whose polarity depends on the order of the associated stimulus-evoked events within a critical time window of tens of milliseconds. Pharmacological evidence suggests an NMDA receptor mediated form of synaptic plasticity. Studies in human motor cortex demonstrated that motor learning significantly modulates TMS-induced timing dependent plasticity, and, conversely, may be modulated bidirectionally by prior TMS-induced plasticity, providing circumstantial evidence that long-term potentiation-like mechanisms may be involved in motor learning. In summary, convergent evidence is being accumulated for the contention that it is now possible to induce STDP-like changes in the intact human central nervous system by means of TMS to study and interfere with synaptic plasticity in neural circuits in the context of behavior such as learning and memory. Keywords: spike-timing dependent plasticity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, paired associative stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, human, cortex, translational neuroscience
Disruptive behaviour disorders are reflected by a great variety of symptoms ranging from impulsive-hot tempered quarrels to purposeful and goal directed acts of cruelty. A growing body of data indicates that there are neurobiological factors that increase the risk for developing disruptive behaviour disorders. In this review, we give a broad overview of recent studies investigating physiological, neural, genetic factors, and specific neurotransmitter systems. We also discuss the impact of psychosocial risk and consider the effects of gene-environment interactions. Due to the heterogeneity of disruptive behaviour disorders, it is concluded that specific subtypes of disruptive behaviour should be considered both in terms their biological basis and in regard to specific treatment needs.
Leben bedeutet eine fortdauernde Anpassung an Umweltbedingungen durch ein hoch entwickeltes Informationsverarbeitungssystem. Diese Anpassung wird durch das neuroendokrine und autonome Nervensystem gewährleistet. Eine tages- und jahreszeitliche Organisation des neuroendokrinen und autonomen Systems findet durch das Photoneuroendokrine System (PNS) statt. Erst in jüngster Zeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass neben peptidergen Substanzen auch lipiderge Signalmoleküle des Endocannabinoidsystems eine essentielle Rolle bei der interzelluären Kommunikation spielen. Hierbei zählen Anandamid (AEA) und 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) zu den umfassend erforschten Endocannabinoiden. ...
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative delta 13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from - 18.8‰ to - 25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine delta 18 O values (- 1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to - 3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known asTisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
Background: Abnormalities of 11q23 involving the MLL gene are found in approximately 10% of human leukemias. To date, nearly 100 different chromosome bands have been described in rearrangements involving 11q23 and 64 fusion genes have been cloned and characterized at the molecular level. In this work we present the identification of a novel MLL fusion partner in a pediatric patient with de novo biphenotypic acute leukemia. Methods: Cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular studies (RT-PCR and LDI-PCR), and bioinformatic sequence analysis were used to characterize the CT45A2 gene as novel MLL fusion partner in pediatric acute leukemia. Results: Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the patient G-banded metaphases demonstrated a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3 involving the MLL gene. Breakpoint fusion analysis revealed that a DNA fragment of 653 kb from 11q23, containing MLL exons 1-9 in addition to 16 other 11q23 genes, was inserted into the upstream region of the CT45A2 gene located at Xq26.3. In addition, a deletion at Xq26.3 encompassing the 3' region of the DDX26B gene (exons 9-16) and the entire CT45A1 gene was identified. RNA analysis revealed the presence of a novel MLL-CT45A2 fusion transcript in which the first 9 exons of the MLL gene were fused in-frame to exon 2 of the CT45A2 gene, resulting in a spliced MLL fusion transcript with an intact open reading frame. The resulting chimeric transcript predicts a fusion protein where the N-terminus of MLL is fused to the entire open reading frame of CT45A2. Finally, we demonstrate that all breakpoint regions are rich in long repetitive motifs, namely LINE/L1 and SINE/Alu sequences, but all breakpoints were exclusively identified outside these repetitive DNA sequences. Conclusion: We have identified CT45A2 as a novel spliced MLL fusion partner in a pediatric patient with de novo biphenotypic acute leukemia, as a result of a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3. Since CT45A2 is the first Cancer/Testis antigen family gene found fused with MLL in acute leukemia, future studies addressing its biologic relevance for leukemogenesis are warranted.
Background: The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene exerts oncogene-like activities and its (over)expression has been linked to several human malignancies. Here, we studied a possible association between EZH2 expression and prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: EZH2 protein expression in RCC specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing RCC tumor tissue and corresponding normal tissue samples of 520 patients. For immunohistochemical assessment of EZH2 expression, nuclear staining quantity was evaluated using a semiquantitative score. The effect of EZH2 expression on cancer specific survival (CSS) was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: During follow-up, 147 patients (28%) had died of their disease, median follow-up of patients still alive was 6.0 years (range 0 - 16.1 years). EZH2 nuclear staining was present in tumor cores of 411 (79%) patients. A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high nuclear EZH2 expression was an independent predictor of poor CSS (>25-50% vs. 0%: HR 2.72, p = 0.025) in patients suffering from non-metastatic RCC. Apart from high nuclear EZH2 expression, tumor stage and Fuhrman's grading emerged as significant prognostic markers. In metastatic disease, nuclear EZH2 expression and histopathological subtype were independent predictive parameters of poor CSS (EZH2: 1-5%: HR 2.63, p = 0.043, >5-25%: HR 3.35, p = 0.013, >25%-50%: HR 4.92, p = 0.003, all compared to 0%: HR 0.36, p = 0.025, respectively). Conclusions: This study defines EZH2 as a powerful independent unfavourable prognostic marker of CSS in patients with metastatic and non-metastatic RCC.
If insufficiently treated, Lyme borreliosis can evolve into an inflammatory disorder affecting skin, joints, and the CNS. Early innate immunity may determine host responses targeting infection. Thus, we sought to characterize the immediate cytokine storm associated with exposure of PBMC to moderate levels of live Borrelia burgdorferi. Since Th17 cytokines are connected to host defense against extracellular bacteria, we focused on interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. Here, we report that, despite induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-23, IL-17 remained barely detectable in response to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, T cell-dependent expression of IL-22 became evident within 10 h of exposure to the spirochetes. This dichotomy was unrelated to interferon-gamma but to a large part dependent on caspase-1 and IL-1 bioactivity derived from monocytes. In fact, IL-1beta as a single stimulus induced IL-22 but not IL-17. Neutrophils display antibacterial activity against B. burgdorferi, particularly when opsonized by antibodies. Since neutrophilic inflammation, indicative of IL-17 bioactivity, is scarcely observed in Erythema migrans, a manifestation of skin inflammation after infection, protective and antibacterial properties of IL-22 may close this gap and serve essential functions in the initial phase of spirochete infection.
Background: Familial hemophagocytosis (FHL) is a rare disease associated with defects in proteins involved in CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity. Hyperactivation of immune cells results in a perilous, Th1-driven cytokine storm. We set out to explore the regulation of cytokines in an FHL patient who was clinically stable on low-dose immunosuppressive therapy after bone marrow transplantation over a six-month period. During this period, chimerism analyses showed that the fraction of host cells was between 1 and 10%. Both parents of the patient as well as healthy volunteers were studied for comparison. Methods/Principal Findings: Using ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and clinical laboratory methods, we investigated constitutive and inducible cytokines, polymorphisms, and clinical parameters in whole blood and whole blood cultures. Although routine laboratory tests were within the normal range, the chemokines IP-10 and IL-8 as well as the cytokine IL-27p28 were increased up to 10-fold under constitutive and stimulated conditions compared to healthy controls. Moreover, high levels of IFNgamma and TNFalpha were produced upon stimulation. Unexpectedly, IFNgamma induction of IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was markedly reduced (1.6-fold vs 5-fold in controls). The patient's mother featured intermediately increased cytokine levels, whereas levels in the father were similar to those in the controls. Conclusions/Significance: Since IL-18 plays a major role in perpetuating hemophagocytosis, the failure of IFNgamma to induce IL-18BP may constitute a fundamental pathogenetic mechanism. Furthermore, increased production of IL-8 and IL-27 appears to be associated with this disease. Such dysregulation of cytokines was also found in the heterozygous parents, providing a novel insight into genotype-phenotype correlation of FHL which may encourage future research of this rare disease.
Purpose. The aim of this prospective longitudinal clinical pilot study was the evaluation of the effect on the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) and patient-centered results of the envelope technique for Connective Tissue Graft (CTG). Methods. Sixteen patients (11 females) 24 to 71 years of age (42.6±11.1) received CTG that had been harvested from the palate and grafted using the envelope technique. Prior to and 3 months after surgery, all patients were examined clinically, completed the OHIP-G49 questionnaire, and were asked to judge the results of surgery. Results. Mean baseline recession depth of 2.5±0.8 mm was reduced by 1.2±0.9 mm (P<.001). Root coverage amounted to 48±39%. In 5 of 16 defects complete root coverage was achieved. Pain at the donor site was more pronounced than at recipient site regarding prevalence (8/6; P=.007), intensity (2.1±2.3/1.1±1.9 [visual analogue scale]; P=.016), and duration (1.4±2.3/0.8±1.4 days; P=.042). Baseline OHIP (15.7±12.1) was decreased by 3.6±8.5 three months after surgery (P=.139). Thirteen patients (81%) would undergo CTG surgery for similar reasons again. Conclusions. Root coverage using CTG according to the envelope technique provided improvement of OHIP as early as 3 months after surgery. Over all, patients were reasonably satisfied with the surgical technique and its results.
Die Gamma-Glutamyl-Carboxylase spielt eine Schlüsselrolle im menschlichen Organismus, da sie für die posttranslationale Modifikation sämtlicher Vitamin-K-abhängiger Proteine verantwortlich ist. Ein hereditärer Mangel aller Vitamin-K-abhängigen Faktoren aufgrund eines Defekts in der Gamma-Glutamyl-Carboxylase (VKCFD1) ist sehr selten und geht mit einer gesteigerten Blutungsneigung einher. Aktuelle Arbeiten zeigen eine weitere Manifestation von Mutationen im Gamma-Glutamyl-Carboxylase-Gen, die ein dermatologisches Krankheitsbild, ähnlich der Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, darstellt. In diesen Fällen zeigen die Patienten sowohl dermatologische Effloreszenzen im Sinne der PXE als auch eine Verminderung der Vitamin-K-abhängigen Faktoren. Es wird vermutet, dass die PXE-ähnlichen Hautveränderungen auf eine Funktionsstörung des Matrix-Gla-Proteins zurückzuführen sein könnten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Mutationsdiagnostik bei vier Patienten mit kongenitalem Mangel aller Vitamin-K-abhängigen Gerinnungsfaktoren durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden dabei fünf Mutationen nachgewiesen, davon vier Missense-Mutationen und eine Stopp-Mutation. Zwei der Patienten wiesen eine „compound Heterozygotie“ auf. Bei den gefunden Mutationen wurden drei im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals aufgezeigt, die anderen zwei waren in der Literatur bereits beschrieben. Bei einer der Mutationen konnte ein „Founder“-Effekt in Bezug auf einen anderen Patienten aus der Literatur nachgewiesen werden. Sollte zukünftig diese Mutation in Deutschland vorkommen und sich auch auf die „Founder“-Mutation zurückführen lassen, böte sich dieser Mechanismus als eine Erklärung für das gehäufte Vorkommen der VKCFD Typ 1 in Deutschland an. Ein Hinweis auf eine PXE-like Disorder konnte bei keinem der Patienten nachgewiesen werden. Zusätzlich wurde die genetische Variabilität des Gamma-Glutamyl-Carboxylase-Gens in der Normalbevölkerung untersucht. Für die Untersuchungen wurde zunächst die DNA einer phänotypisch unauffälligen Kontrollgruppe, bestehend aus 200 gesunden Blutspendern, auf Genvariationen im GGCX-Gen analysiert. Nach der Isolierung und der Amplifikation der DNA wurde mit sämtlichen Proben zunächst ein Mutations-Screening mittels dHPLC durchgeführt. Auffällige Abschnitte und solche, bei denen häufige und/oder mehrere Polymorphismen bereits bekannt waren, wurden sequenziert. Auf diese Weise wurden acht Polymorphismen in den codierenden bzw. die Exone flankierenden Genabschnitten nachgewiesen. Davon wurden zwei erstmals beschrieben (c.43+33T>A; c.1288-38T>C). Schließlich sollte mit dieser Arbeit versucht werden zu klären, wie eine möglichst effiziente Diagnostik von Mutationen bzw. Polymorphismen des GGCX-Gens möglich ist. In unseren Untersuchungen wurde sowohl mit der dHPLC (Wave-System) als Screening-Methode gearbeitet als auch Genabschnitte sequenziert. Mittels der dHPLC kann ein hohes Probenaufkommen in kurzer Zeit mit vergleichsweise geringem Aufwand und vergleichsweise geringeren Kosten (ca. 30 € pro Genuntersuchung vs. Komplettsequenzierung ca. 300 €) bewältigt werden. Bei Genabschnitten mit vielen oder häufigen Polymorphismen ist dies ineffektiv, weil es nur das Vorhandensein einer Veränderung, nicht jedoch die Veränderung selbst beschreiben kann. Daher empfiehlt es sich, beide Methoden zu kombinieren, welches sich als die effizienteste und rationalste Methode für die Mutationsdiagnostik darstellt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit sind von grundsätzlichem Interesse für die biomedizinische Forschung. Eventuell wird es damit dann möglich sein, Krankheitsentstehungen und ihre Verläufe bei Mutationen der Gamma-Glutamyl-Carboxylase besser zu verstehen und damit eine noch effektivere und nebenwirkungsärmere Therapie einzusetzen.