Medizin
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (3559)
- Doctoral Thesis (1079)
- Part of Periodical (198)
- Conference Proceeding (85)
- Book (69)
- Contribution to a Periodical (54)
- Working Paper (21)
- Review (18)
- Preprint (15)
- Part of a Book (9)
Language
Keywords
- inflammation (51)
- apoptosis (30)
- glioblastoma (29)
- breast cancer (26)
- cancer (26)
- Inflammation (21)
- biomarker (18)
- Apoptosis (17)
- Depression (17)
- autophagy (17)
Institute
- Medizin (5123)
- Präsidium (124)
- Biowissenschaften (78)
- Georg-Speyer-Haus (62)
- Zentrum für Arzneimittelforschung, Entwicklung und Sicherheit (58)
- Sonderforschungsbereiche / Forschungskollegs (56)
- Pharmazie (55)
- Biochemie und Chemie (53)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (48)
- Exzellenzcluster Makromolekulare Komplexe (45)
Understanding how to achieve efficient transduction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), while preserving their long-term ability to self-reproduce, is key for applying lentiviral-based gene engineering methods. SAMHD1 is an HIV-1 restriction factor in myeloid and resting CD4+ T cells that interferes with reverse transcription by decreasing the nucleotide pools or by its RNase activity. Here we show that SAMHD1 is expressed at high levels in HSPCs cultured in a medium enriched with cytokines. Thus, we hypothesized that degrading SAMHD1 in HSPCs would result in more efficient lentiviral transduction rates. We used viral like particles (VLPs) containing Vpx, shRNA against SAMHD1, or provided an excess of dNTPs or dNs to study this question. Regardless of the method applied, we saw no increase in the lentiviral transduction rate. The result was different when we used viruses (HR-GFP-Vpx+) which carry Vpx and encode GFP. These viruses allow assessment of the effects of Vpx specifically in the transduced cells. Using HR-GFP-Vpx+ viruses, we observed a modest but significant increase in the transduction efficiency. These data suggest that SAMHD1 has some limited efficacy in blocking reverse transcription but the major barrier for efficient lentiviral transduction occurs before reverse transcription.
Rpn13 is an intrinsic ubiquitin receptor of the 26S proteasome regulatory subunit that facilitates substrate capture prior to degradation. Here we show that the C-terminal region of Rpn13 binds to the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of SGTA, a cytosolic factor implicated in the quality control of mislocalised membrane proteins (MLPs). The overexpression of SGTA results in a substantial increase in steady-state MLP levels, consistent with an effect on proteasomal degradation. However, this effect is strongly dependent upon the interaction of SGTA with the proteasomal component Rpn13. Hence, overexpression of the SGTA-binding region of Rpn13 or point mutations within the SGTA TPR domain both inhibit SGTA binding to the proteasome and substantially reduce MLP levels. These findings suggest that SGTA can regulate the access of MLPs to the proteolytic core of the proteasome, implying that a protein quality control cycle that involves SGTA and the BAG6 complex can operate at the 19S regulatory particle. We speculate that the binding of SGTA to Rpn13 enables specific polypeptides to escape proteasomal degradation and/or selectively modulates substrate degradation.
The influence of biological maturity status (BMS) on talent identification and development within elite youth soccer is critically debated. During adolescence, maturity-related performance differences within the same age group may cause greater chances of being selected for early maturing players. Therefore, coaches need to consider players' BMS. While standard methods for assessing BMS in adolescents are expensive and time-consuming imaging techniques (i.e., X-ray and MRI), there also exist more pragmatic procedures. This study aimed to evaluate commonly used methods to assess BMS within a highly selected sample of youth soccer players. A total of N = 63 elite male soccer players (U12 and U14) within the German Soccer Association's talent promotion program completed a test battery assessing BMS outcomes. Utilizing MRI diagnostics, players' skeletal age (SAMRI) was determined by radiologists and served as the reference method. Further commonly used methods included skeletal age measured by an ultrasound device (SAUS), the maturity offset (MOMIR), and the percentage of adult height (PAHKR). The relation of these alternative BMS outcomes to SAMRI was examined using different perspectives: performing bivariate correlation analyses (1), modeling BMS as a latent variable (BMSlat) based on the multiple alternative diagnostics (2), and investigating individual differences in agreement (3). (1) Correlations of SAMRI and the further BMS variables ranked from r = 0.80 to r = 0.84 for the total sample and were lower for U12 (0.56 ≤ r ≤ 0.66), and U14 (0.61 ≤ r ≤ 0.74) (2). The latent structural equation modeling (SEM) (R2 = 51%) revealed a significant influence on BMSlat for MOMIR (β = 0.51, p <0.05). The additional contribution of PAHKR (β = 0.27, p = 0.06) and SAUS (β = −0.03, p = 0.90) was rather small (3). The investigation of individual differences between the reference method and alternative diagnostics indicated a significant bias for MOMIR (p <0.01). The results support the use of economical and time-efficient methods for assessing BMS within elite youth soccer. Bivariate correlation analyses as well as the multivariate latent variable approach highlight the measures' usefulness. However, the observed individual level differences for some of the utilized procedures led to the recommendation for practitioners to use at least two alternative assessment methods in order to receive more reliable information about players' BMS within the talent promotion process.
Background: Lithium has proven suicide preventing effects in the long-term treatment of patients with affective disorders. Clinical evidence from case reports indicate that this effect may occur early on at the beginning of lithium treatment. The impact of lithium treatment on acute suicidal thoughts and/or behavior has not been systematically studied in a controlled trial. The primary objective of this confirmatory study is to determine the association between lithium therapy and acute suicidal ideation and/or suicidal behavior in inpatients with a major depressive episode (MDE, unipolar and bipolar disorder according to DSM IV criteria). The specific aim is to test the hypothesis that lithium plus treatment as usual (TAU), compared to placebo plus TAU, results in a significantly greater decrease in suicidal ideation and/or behavior over 5 weeks in inpatients with MDE.
Methods/Design: We initiated a randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Patients with the diagnosis of a moderate to severe depressive episode and suicidal thoughts and/or suicidal behavior measured with the Sheehan-Suicidality-Tracking Scale (S-STS) will be randomly allocated to add lithium or placebo to their treatment as usual. Change in the clinician administered S-STS from the initial to the final visit will be the primary outcome.
Discussion: There is an urgent need to identify treatments that will acutely decrease suicidal ideation and/or suicidal behavior. The results of this study will demonstrate whether lithium reduces suicidal ideation and behavior within the first 5 weeks of treatment.
Psoriasis is a characteristic inflammatory and scaly skin condition with typical histopathological features including increased proliferation and hampered differentiation of keratinocytes. The activation of innate and adaptive inflammatory cellular immune responses is considered to be the main trigger factor of the epidermal changes in psoriatic skin. However, the molecular players that are involved in enhanced proliferation and impaired differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes are only partly understood. One important factor that regulates differentiation on the cellular level is Ca2+. In normal epidermis, a Ca2+ gradient exists that is disturbed in psoriatic plaques, favoring impaired keratinocyte proliferation. Several TRPC channels such as TRPC1, TRPC4, or TRPC6 are key proteins in the regulation of high [Ca2+]ex induced differentiation. Here, we investigated if TRPC channel function is impaired in psoriasis using calcium imaging, RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies. We demonstrated substantial defects in Ca2+ influx in psoriatic keratinocytes in response to high extracellular Ca2+ levels, associated with a downregulation of all TRPC channels investigated, including TRPC6 channels. As TRPC6 channel activation can partially overcome this Ca2+ entry defect, specific TRPC channel activators may be potential new drug candidates for the topical treatment of psoriasis.
One of the earliest and most striking observations made about HIV is the extensive genetic variation that the virus has within individual hosts, particularly in the hypervariable regions of the env gene which is divided into 5 variable regions (V1-V5) and 5 more constant (C1-C5) regions. HIV evolves at any time over the course of an individual’s infection and infected individuals harbours a population of genetically related but non-identical viruses that are under constant change and ready to adapt to changes in their environment. These genetically heterogeneous populations of closely related genomes are called quasispecies [65]. Tuberculosis or tubercle forming disease is an acute and/or chronic bacterial infection that primarily attacks the lungs, but which may also affect the kidneys, bones, lymph nodes, and brain. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), a slow growing rod-shaped, acid fast bacterium. It is transmitted from person to person through inhalation of bacteria-carrying air droplets. Worldwide, one person out of three is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis – two billion people in total. TB currently holds the seventh place in the global ranking of causes of death [73]. In 2008, there were an estimated 9.4 (range, 8.9–9.9 million) million incident cases (equivalent to 139 cases per 100 000 population) of TB globally [75]. A complex biological interplay occurs between M. tuberculosis and HIV in coinfected host that results in the worsening of both pathologies. HIV promotes progression of M. tuberculosis either by endogenous reactivation or exogenous reinfection [77, 78] and, the course of HIV-1 infection is accelerated subsequent to the development of TB [80]. Active TB is associated with an increase in intra-patient HIV-1 diversity both systemically and at the infected lung sites [64,122]. The sustainability or reversal of the HIV-1 quasispecies heterogeneity after TB treatment is not known. Tetanus toxoid vaccinated HIV-1 infected patients developed a transient increase in HIV-1 heterogeneity which was reversed after few weeks [121]. Emergence of a heterogeneous HIV-1 population within a patient may be one of the mechanisms to escape strong immune or drug pressure [65,128]. The existence of better fitting and/or immune escape HIV-variants can lead to an increase in HIV-1 replication [129,130]. It might be that TB favourably selected HIV-1 variants which are sources for consistent HIV-1 replication. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the impacts of TB on HIV-1 is essential for the development of effective measures to reduce TB related morbidity and mortality in HIV-1 infected individuals. In the present study we studied whether the increase in HIV-1 quasispecies diversity during active TB is reversed or preserved throughout the course of antituberculous chemotherapy. For this purpose Two time point HIV-1 quasispecies were evaluated by comparing HIV-1 infected patients with active tuberculosis (HIV-1/TB) and HIV-1 infected patients without tuberculosis (HIV-1/non TB). Plasma samples were obtained from the Frankfurt HIV cohort and HIV-1 RNA was isolated. C2V5 env was amplified by PCR and molecular cloning was performed. Eight to twenty five clones were sequenced from each patient. Various phylogenetic analyses were performed including tree inferences, intra-patient viral diversity and divergence, selective pressure, co-receptor usage prediction and two time point identity of quasispecies comparison using Mantel’s test. We found out from this study that: 1) Active TB sustains HIV-1 quasispecies diversity for longer period 2. Active TB increases the rate of HIV-1 divergence 3) TB might slow down evolution of X4 variants And we concluded that active TB has an impact on HIV-1 viral diversity and divergence over time. The influence of active TB on longitudinal evolution of HIV- 1 may be predominant for R5 viruses. The use of CCR5-coreceptor inhibitors for HIV-1/TB patients as therapeutic approach needs further investigation.
The majority of cells are equipped to detect and decipher physical stimuli, and then react to these stimuli in a cell type-specific manner. Ultimately, these cellular behaviors are synchronized to produce a tissue response, but how this is achieved remains enigmatic. Here, we investigated the genetic basis for mechanotransduction using the bone marrow as a model system. We found that physical stimuli produced a pattern of principal strain that precisely corresponded to the site-specific expression of sox9 and runx2, two transcription factors required for the commitment of stem cells to a skeletogenic lineage, and the arrangement and orientation of newly deposited type I collagen fibrils. To gain insights into the genetic basis for skeletal mechanotransduction we conditionally inactivated focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an intracellular component of the integrin signaling pathway. By doing so we abolished the mechanically induced osteogenic response and thus identified a critical genetic component of the molecular machinery required for mechanotransduction. Our data provide a new framework in which to consider how physical forces and molecular signals are synchronized during the program of skeletal regeneration.
Die bei verschiedenen klinischen Indikationen, wie beispielsweise als Volumenersatz oder zur Hämodilution, eingesetzte Hydroxyethylstärke wird vorwiegend über das Molekulargewicht und, sachlich richtiger, über die molare Substitution charakterisiert. In neueren Publikationen wurde die Beachtung der Substituentenverteilung, das C2/C6- Verhältnis, als zusätzliches Merkmal gefordert. Ferner sollten nicht die Parameter der Ausgangslösung, sondern die "in vivo- Merkmale" als maßgeblich für die Charakterisierung von HES herangezogen werden. Obwohl die hochsubstituierte HES in den siebziger Jahren eingeführt wurde, fehlen bisher noch immer Untersuchungen dieser HES. Die überwiegende klinische Anwendung der nachträglich eingeführten mittelsubstituierten HES hat hierzu entscheidend beigetragen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, an freiwilligen Versuchspersonen die in vivo- Veränderungen einer hochsubstituierten, hochmolekularen, HES (HES 450/0,7) nach Mehrfachinfusionen mit längerer Nachbeobachtung zu untersuchen. Dabei sollten die chemischen Veränderungen der HES im Serum und im Sammelurin mittels High Performance Liquid Chromatographie (HPLC) und Gaschromatographie (GC) bestimmt werden. Wie bereits in früheren Untersuchungen nachgewiesen wurde, konnte erneut festgestellt werden, dass auch langfristig weniger als 50 Prozent der am Probanden infundierten HES im Harn wiedergefunden werden (lediglich 37,35% der infundierten Menge). Aufgrund einer langsamen Elimination der verwendeten hochsubstituierten HES aus dem Plasmaverteilungsraum führen die täglich wiederholten Infusionen zu einem raschen Anstieg der Serumkonzentration von HES. Andererseits ist festzustellen, dass die Serumkonzentration von HES 30 Tage nach der letzten Infusion noch immer mehr als 50 Prozent der HES- Konzentration nach Abschluß der ersten Infusion beträgt. Das mittlere Molekulargewicht (Mw) der HES im Serum nimmt zunächst rasch auf Werte knapp über 200.000 Dalton (Da) ab; auch 30 Tage nach der letzten Infusion werden noch Werte knapp unter 200.000 Da gemessen. Das Zahlenmittel (Mn) steigt hingegen rasch an und bleibt dann relativ konstant um etwa 130.000 Da. Dies bedeutet, dass die HES in vivo einheitlicher wird. Eliminiert werden zunächst die hochmolekularen Anteile durch Aufspaltung und die niedermolekularen durch renale Elimination. Der Polydispersitätsquotient nimmt dementsprechend erheblich ab. Die gaschromatographische Bestimmung der molaren Substitution und des C2/C6- Verhältnis beschränkte sich auf die im Harn wiedergefundene HES. Hierbei konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich die molare Substitution kaum veränderte. Andererseits erfolgte ein deutlicher Anstieg des C2/C6- Verhältnis im Versuchsverlauf. Dies bedeutet eine Verminderung der Substitution an C6. Erwartungsgemäß erfolgte durch die Applikation von HES eine Hämodilution, die im weiteren Verlauf der mehrtätig wiederholten Infusionen durch versuchsbedingte Blutverluste überlagert und verstärkt wurde. Der kolloidosmotische Druck (KOD) nahm während der Infusion geringfügig zu, ebenso die Plasmaviskosität, die im Gegensatz zum KOD auch langfristig erhöht blieb. Die Amylaseaktivität im Serum nahm erwartungsgemäß zu und war auch 30 Tage nach der letzten Infusion als Ausdruck der Komplexbildung mit HES noch um 150 Prozent gegenüber dem Ausgangswert erhöht. Als wesentliches Ergebnis der vorgelegten Untersuchungen ist das Ausmaß der Kumulation von HES im Serum nach Mehrfachinfusionen anzusehen, die auch durch den dauerhaften Anstieg der Serumamylaseaktivität untermauert wird. Die verwendete Dosierung von HES lag noch im Bereich der Herstellerempfehlungen, wobei dieser keinerlei Hinweise auf eine mögliche Kumulation gibt. Der Nachweis hoher HES- Konzentrationen auch Wochen nach Infusion von hochsubstituierter HES scheint bedeutsam für die Dosierung bei Mehrfachinfusionen zu sein. Das Gewichtsmittel der Molmassen von hochmolekularer HES nimmt innerhalb des Organismus von 409.880 Da auf 232.580 Da nach der letzten Infusion ab, während das Zahlenmittel von 101.480 Da auf 132.020 Da zunimmt. Dies führt zu einer Abnahme des Polydispersitätsquotienten, d.h. zu einem engeren Schnitt der Molekülverteilung. Interessanterweise liegen die mittleren Molmassen von hochsubstituierter HES (0,7) im Serum deutlich oberhalb der Werte für mittelsubstituierte HES (0,5) und damit auch deutlich oberhalb der für diese HES ermittelten Nierenschwelle von 40.000 Da. Auch diese Daten, die erheblich von den Daten für mittelsubstituierte HES abweichen, können als Argument gegen die Charakterisierung von HES nach der in-vivo- Molmassenverteilung angeführt werden. Grundsätzlich kann aus den Daten abgeleitet werden, dass nicht kontrollierte Mehrfachinfusionen hochsubstituierter HES bei nachweislicher Kumulation zu Nebenwirkungen in Folge von überhöhter Volumenwirkung führen können. Dem entspricht, dass klinisch relevante Nebenwirkungen in der Regel nur bei Verwendung hochsubstituierter HES beobachtet wurden. Die vorgelegten Daten sollten Anlaß sein, die Dosierungsrichtlinien für Mehrfachinfusion hochsubstituierter HES zu modifizieren.
Objective To evaluate the success of initiation of adjunctive brivaracetam in patients who required a change in antiepileptic drug (AED) regimen and substituted at least one AED with brivaracetam. Methods In this retrospective noninterventional study conducted in specialized epilepsy centers across Germany, patients initiated adjunctive brivaracetam between February 15, 2016, and August 31, 2016, as part of an intended change in AED regimen. The primary effectiveness variable was the proportion of patients who continued on brivaracetam after 3 months, and withdrew at least one AED either before or within 6 months after brivaracetam initiation. Results Five hundred and six patients had at least one brivaracetam dose and were included in the safety set (SS). Four hundred and seventy patients started to reduce the dose of one AED before/after brivaracetam initiation, had at least one concomitant AED at brivaracetam initiation, and were included in the full analysis set (FAS) for effectiveness analyses. At baseline, patients had a median of seven lifetime AEDs and a median of 3.8 seizures/28 days. In the SS, 85.2% of patients withdrew one AED before/after initiation of brivaracetam, most commonly levetiracetam (49.4%). 46.2% of patients substituted another AED with brivaracetam within 24 hours (fast withdrawal). The proportions of patients (FAS) who continued on brivaracetam after 3 and 6 months and withdrew one AED were 75.5% and 46.6%, respectively. After 6 months, 32.1% of patients were 50% responders; 13.0% were seizure‐free. In the SS, 34.6% of patients reported treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs); 21.9% had TEAEs that were assessed by the treating physician as drug‐related. Incidences of behavioral AEs before (3‐month baseline) and after brivaracetam initiation in patients who withdrew levetiracetam were 19.2% and 8.0%, respectively (5.0% and 7.7% in patients who withdrew other AEDs). Significance Brivaracetam was effective and well‐tolerated in patients who required a change in AED drug regimen and initiated adjunctive brivaracetam in German clinical practice.
Finding subgroups in biomedical data is a key task in biomedical research and precision medicine. Already one-dimensional data, such as many different readouts from cell experiments, preclinical or human laboratory experiments or clinical signs, often reveal a more complex distribution than a single mode. Gaussian mixtures play an important role in the multimodal distribution of one-dimensional data. However, although fitting of Gaussian mixture models (GMM) is often aimed at obtaining the separate modes composing the mixture, current technical implementations, often using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm, are not optimized for this task. This occasionally results in poorly separated modes that are unsuitable for determining a distinguishable group structure in the data. Here, we introduce “Distribution Optimization” an evolutionary algorithm to GMM fitting that uses an adjustable error function that is based on chi-square statistics and the probability density. The algorithm can be directly targeted at the separation of the modes of the mixture by employing additional criterion for the degree by which single modes overlap. The obtained GMM fits were comparable with those obtained with classical EM based fits, except for data sets where the EM algorithm produced unsatisfactory results with overlapping Gaussian modes. There, the proposed algorithm successfully separated the modes, providing a basis for meaningful group separation while fitting the data satisfactorily. Through its optimization toward mode separation, the evolutionary algorithm proofed particularly suitable basis for group separation in multimodally distributed data, outperforming alternative EM based methods.