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Deutschland ist ein Einwanderungsland – wie wirkt sich das Zusammenleben von Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft im Alltag und am Arbeitsplatz aus? Muss es unweigerlich zu Konflikten kommen, oder welche Voraussetzungen sind notwendig, um diese Vielfalt positiv zu nutzen? Wer dies ergründen will, muss sich mit Gruppenkonflikten und sozialer Identität, die der Einzelne in der Gruppe erlebt, intensiv beschäftigen. Der Frankfurter Sozialpsychologe Prof. Dr. Rolf van Dick und seine Kollegen haben ein Modell entwickelt, das vorhersagt, wann die Heterogenität einer Gruppe eher positive und wann eher negative Effekte erzeugt.
Die Frage nach dem Stellenwert der »jüdischen Religionswissenschaft « an der Universität Frankfurt lässt sich nur beantworten, wenn man deutlich macht, welche Haltung die Frankfurter Hochschule im Laufe ihrer Geschichte generell gegenüber der Errichtung Theologischer Fakultäten beziehungsweise der Einführung einer konfessionellen Lehre einnahm. Um es gleich vorweg zu sagen: Frankfurt war in den 1920er Jahren die einzige deutsche Universität, an der ein konfessionell gebundener Lehrauftrag für »Jüdische Religionswissenschaft und Ethik« existierte – ausgeführt wurde er von Martin Buber. Dem Kulturhistoriker Wolfgang Schivelbusch zufolge war die Frankfurter Universität in der Weimarer Republik die »bürgerlichste Hochschule in Deutschland«. Wie die Spitzenuniversitäten in Amerika verstand sie sich als eine moderne säkulare Bildungseinrichtung. Als einzige deutsche Hochschule besaß sie keine Theologische, dafür aber die landesweit erste Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät. Gegenüber dem Staat hatte sie sich dank des privaten Stiftergeistes eine große Unabhängigkeit bewahrt. Dagegen befürchteten die Mitglieder der deutschen Rektorenkonferenz geschichtslose amerikanische Verhältnisse, als sie im Vorfeld der Universitätsgründung erfuhren, dass die Frankfurter entschlossen waren, gegebenenfalls auf eine Theologische Fakultät zu verzichten. Sie mahnten den Bestand der »Kulturnation« an und verwiesen darauf, dass in Deutschland Theologische Fakultäten aufgrund staatsrechtlicher und kulturhistorischer Traditionen integraler Bestandteil der Universitätsverfassung seien. ...
Background: The APOBEC3G protein represents a novel innate defense mechanism against retroviral infection. It facilitates the deamination of the cytosine residues in the single stranded cDNA intermediate during early steps of retroviral infection. Most poxvirus genomes are relatively A/T-rich, which may indicate APOBEC3G-induced mutational pressure. In addition, poxviruses replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm where APOBEC3G is located. It was therefore tempting to analyze whether vaccinia virus replication is affected by APOBEC3G.
Results: The replication of vaccinia virus, a prototype poxvirus, was not, however, inhibited in APOBEC3G-expressing cells, nor did other members of the APOBEC3 family alter vaccinia virus replication. HIV counteracts APOBEC3G by inducing its degradation. However, Western blot analysis showed that the levels of APOBEC3G protein were not affected by vaccinia virus infection.
Conclusion: The data indicate that APOBEC3G is not a restriction factor for vaccinia virus replication nor is vaccinia virus able to degrade APOBEC3G.
The likely manifestations of climate change like flood hazards are prominent topics in public communication. This can be shown by media analysis and questionnaire data. However, in the case of flood risks an information gap remains resulting in misinformed citizens who probably will not perform the necessary protective actions when an emergency occurs. This paper examines more closely a newly developed approach to flood risk communication that takes the heterogeneity of citizens into account and aims to close this gap. The heterogeneity is analysed on the meso level regarding differences in residential situation as well as on the micro level with respect to risk perception and protective actions. Using the city of Bremen as a case study, empirical data from n=831 respondents were used to identify Action Types representing different states of readiness for protective actions in view of flood risks. These subpopulations can be provided with specific information to meet their heterogeneous needs for risk communication. A prototype of a computer-based information system is described that can produce and pass on such tailored information. However, such an approach to risk communication has to be complemented by meso level analysis which takes the social diversity of subpopulations into account. Social vulnerability is the crucial concept for understanding the distribution of resources and capacities among different social groups. We therefore recommend putting forums and organisations into place that can mediate between the state and its citizens.
Interpret und kreativer Lückenfüller : wie optische Illusionen in der Großhirnrinde entstehen
(2005)
Optische Täuschungen sind nicht nur kuriose Beispiele dafür, wie leicht unser ahrnehmungsapparat »ausgetrickst« werden kann, sie werden seit langem von Psychologen und Kognitionsforschern genutzt, um das visuelle System und seine neurophysiologischen Prinzipien zu erforschen. Auch Scheinbewegungen gehören zu diesen Täuschungen: Sie entstehen durch den schnellen Wechsel statischer Bilder. Frankfurter Wissenschaftler des Max-Planck-Instituts für Hirnforschung konnten mit Hilfe der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomografie zeigen, wie das Gehirn die Illusion einer Bewegung erzeugt, obwohl der gebotene Reiz nur aus benachbarten, abwechselnd aufblinkenden Quadraten bestand. Hier wird nicht nur das konstruktive Prinzip deutlich, mit dem das visuelle System arbeitet, mehr noch: Die Großhirnrinde betätigt sich als »kreativer Lückenfüller«, der aktiv fehlende Sinnesdaten zu »plausiblen« Gesamteindrücken ergänzt.
Cortex-wide BOLD fMRI activity reflects locally-recorded slow oscillation-associated calcium waves
(2017)
Spontaneous slow oscillation-associated slow wave activity represents an internally generated state which is characterized by alternations of network quiescence and stereotypical episodes of neuronal activity - slow wave events. However, it remains unclear which macroscopic signal is related to these active periods of the slow wave rhythm. We used optic fiber-based calcium recordings of local neural populations in cortex and thalamus to detect neurophysiologically defined slow calcium waves in isoflurane anesthetized rats. The individual slow wave events were used for an event-related analysis of simultaneously acquired whole-brain BOLD fMRI. We identified BOLD responses directly related to onsets of slow calcium waves, revealing a cortex-wide BOLD correlate: the entire cortex was engaged in this specific type of slow wave activity. These findings demonstrate a direct relation of defined neurophysiological events to a specific BOLD activity pattern and were confirmed for ongoing slow wave activity by independent component and seed-based analyses.
The potential use of variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, as a bioweapon and the endemic presence of monkeypox virus in Africa demonstrate the need for better therapies for orthopoxvirus infections. Chemotherapeutic approaches to control viral infections have been less successful than those targeting bacterial infections. While bacteria commonly reproduce themselves outside of cells and have metabolic functions against which antibiotics can be directed, viruses replicate in the host cells using the cells' metabolic pathways. This makes it very difficult to selectively target the virus without damaging the host. Therefore, the development of antiviral drugs against poxviruses has initially focused on unique properties of the viral replication cycle or of viral proteins that can be selectively targeted. However, recent advances in molecular biology have provided insights into host factors that represent novel drug targets. The latest anti-poxvirus drugs are kinase inhibitors, which were originally developed to treat cancer progression but in addition block egress of poxviruses from infected cells. This review will summarize the current understanding of anti-poxvirus drugs and will give an overview of the development of the latest second generation poxvirus drugs.
Poster Presentation from Nineteenth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2010 San Antonio, TX, USA. 24-30 July 2010 In order to model extracellular potentials the Line-Source method provides [1] a very powerful and accurate approach. In this method transmembane fluxes are understood as sources for potential distributions which obey the Poission-equation with zero boundary conditions in the infinity. Its solutions reveal that the waveforms are proportional to local transmembrane net currents. The extracellular potentials are comparable small in amplitude and with the aid of their second special derivatives, it is possible to interpret them as additional fluxes to be included into the cable equation having an impact on the membrane potential of surrounding cells [2]. On this basis ephaptic interactions have been studied and have been considered to play a minor role in the network activity. This modeling study provides a new approach based on the first principle of the conservation of charges which leads to a generalized form of the cable equation taking into account the full three-dimensional detail of the cell’s geometry and the presence of the extracellular potential. So instead of coupling the compartment model and the model for extracellular potentials by means of the transmembrane currents, a non-linear system of partial differential equations is solved. Because the abstraction of deviding the cell’s geometry into compartments falls apart, it is possible to examine the contribution of the precise cell geometry to the signal processing while not neglecting the impact which could result from the extracellular potential. Some simulations of propagating action potentials on ramified geometries are going to be shown as well as the resulting distributions of extracellular action potentials.