BDSL-Klassifikation: 03.00.00 Literaturwissenschaft > 03.10.00 Stilistik. Rhetorik
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Karikatur
(1976)
Vsevolod M. Garshin's story "Four Days" ("Четыре дня") made the author famous when it was published in 1877. Intended as a strong anti·war statement and based on a true incident during the Russian-Turkish war (1877-78), "Four Days" is the interior monologue of a wounded soldier left for dead on an empty battlefield. His last name, Ivanov, which is traditionally considered to be the most common one in Russia, may suggest the idea of "everyman" in order to generalize the protagonists terrible experience on the battlefield into a broad anti-war message. The protagonist finds himself pinned down next to 0the body of a Turkish soldier whom he had killed just before being wounded. Forced to look at the corpse for a long time, Ivanov experiences terrible guilt, since he has never killed before. After four days of physical and mental agony, during which Ivanov reassesses his formerly idealistic attitude toward war and ends up condemning it as something far from glorious and noble, the protagonist is found by his regiment, and, unlike his real-life prototype, he survives (Henry. 47). Throughout the text we do not lave the confines of the protagonist's mind; as a result, the intense, relentless focus on his mental and physical anguish created by the interior monologue: immobilized by his wound, he becomes a prisoner of his own mind; as a result, the intense, relentless focus on his mental and physical anguish created by the interior monologue technique enhances the "horrors of war" effect intended by the author. At the same time the war-related situation and setting provide motivation for the wounded man's interior monologue: immobilized by his wound, he becomes a prisoner of his own mind and its therefore forced by circumtances to think through his entire predicament and its causes.
One of the most striking and unsettling elements in Venedikt Erofeev's novel "Moskva-Petuški" is the ending where Venja, the protagonist-narrator, is murdered by four mysterious executioners in the stairway of a downtown Moscow building. [...] The last sentence turns the entire preceding narrative into a paradox: the narrator indicates that he could not have told his story, since he ceased to exist as a consciousness ("soznanie") as soon as the action stopped. The fact of Venja's death itself does not necessarily cancel out his ability to tell about the events leading up to his demise: literature knows a number of beyond-the-grave narrators, e.g., the murdered Olivia in Anne Hebert's "Les fous de Bassan" or the dead samurai Tekehiko in Akutagawa Riunosuke's "In a grove". What makes Venja's narrative paradoxic is his own reference to the end of his cogitative activity. at the moment of death the hero ceases to think and should, logically, lose the ability to narrate. Normally, a dead narrator acquires his/her ability to narrate by supernatural means, e.g., via life after death, as in "Les Fous de Bassan" or through a medium, as in "In a Grove". Such postmortem loquacity may also remain unexplained. In "Moskva-Petuški", however, the dead narrator seems to stress that his death appears as the ultimate end: a point where everything, including time and consciousness, stops.
This paper focusses On the discussion of the preservation of expressive aspects in translation., Considerations are grounded on the HJELMSLEVian concepts of the isomorphy between the planes of content and expression, which are both constituted by-substance and form. The present study intends to show that the connotative equivalence of a text can only be achieved in the target language when attention is paid to both the formal-stylistic and the textual-normative dimensions. This involves the appropriation of the stylistic values of the linguistic expression in the source language and, mainly, the understanding of the tropes and the relationships between them. Thus, the present study draws on discourse analysis, comprehending "enunciation" theories and the rhetorical and pragmatic considerations on the level of expression. Considering that the literary text is privileged in providing stylistically marked choices, it is important to highlight the phonetic and semantic correspondences, that is, the close relationship between sound and meaning, which harbours one of the major difficulties in translation. The theory is applied to "Os Sertões" (English translation: "Rebellion on the Backlands") by Euclides da Cunha.
Sholem Asch's epic novel "Moses" has been criticized for a number of shortcomings. One of the main reproaches has do with Asch's attempt to present myth as history in a serious and at times "stuffily reverential" style (Siegel 194). Leslie Fiedler compares Asch's retelling of Exodus-Deuteronomy to Thomas Mann's version of Genesis in "Joseph and his Brothers" and argues that Asch, unlike Mann, lacks the irony of Mann's approach which is essential for handling mythological material in the modern age. Fiedler maintains that Mann's novel is superior to Asch's because Mann does not try to modernize the original material by rationalizing it (Fiedler 73-4). While there is much truth in what Fiedler says about "Moses", the contrast between Mann and Asch is not quite so clear-cut. Undoubtedly, the two authors did handle their material in radically different ways. However, both authors were writing modern realistic novels, i.e., they were dealing with a genre that demands structural coherence. And in this respect one must not overemphasize the difference between Asch's and Mann's treatment of myth.
Die Gattung Lobrede zwingt zur Einseitigkeit. Deshalb ist sie der Paradefall für den Konflikt zwischen Rhetorik und Wahrhaftigkeit, Paradefall damit für den Streit um Glanz und Elend der Redekunst. Der Glanz schöner Worte und das Elend von Schmeichelei und Lüge können nirgendwo so eindrucksvoll erscheinen wie in der Lobrede. Archetypisch zeigt dies der Gegensatz zwischen den Sophisten und Sokrates: Lob ist das Schaustück, an dem die einen die Macht und der andere die Falschheit der Redekunst erweisen. Doch nicht nur der Streit um die Rhetorik überhaupt, sondern auch die Geschichte der Rhetorik selbst, der historische Wertewandel innerhalb der rhetorischen Theorie wechselt bei der Lobrede in extremes Für und Wider. Das hat eine politische Dimension. Denn nach der Aristotelischen Trias ist die epideiktische Gattung ja die Form fragloser Rede. Im Gegensatz zur Gerichts- und Beratungsrede geht es in ihr nicht um Strittiges, sondern um feststehende Urteile und Ansprüche, die - anstatt zu diskutieren - nur vorzuführen sind. Als politische Dimension entspricht dem der Unterschied von Meinungsstreit und Herrschaftsrepräsentation. [...]Wie die Gattung Lobrede heute politisch konnotiert ist, läßt sich indirekt an der hohen Konjunktur des Wortes "Streitkultur" ablesen. Der deutlichste germanistische Beitrag dazu war die Lessing-Tagung 1991, die unter dem Titel "Streitkultur" den Kritiker, den Polemiker, den in argumentativer Schärfe auf produktiven Widerspruch setzenden Lessing als Vorbild für die eigentliche öffentliche Rede würdigte.
Vsevolod Garshin's "Four Days" is the story of a wounded soldier left for dead on a deserted battlefield: During four days of physical and mental agony, he reassesses his formerly idealistic attitude towards war and ends up condemning it as something far from glorious and noble. However, the importance of Garshin's short story in literary history is not so much its anti-war message as the innovative nature of the form used to convey that message. Garshin was the first to explore the potential of direct interior monologue (hereinafter: DIM): a technique which seeks to create the artistic illusion that the reader is eavesdropping on a character's inner discourse without any mediation on the part of a narrator [...]. Because Garshin's text anticipated many of the devices later used by such masters of the genre as James Joyce and William Faulkner, the form of "Four Days" merits close analysis.
Rezension zu Andreas Härter: Digressionen. Studien zum Verhältnis von Ordnung und Abweichung in Rhetorik und Poetik. Quintilian - Opitz - Gottsched - Friedrich Schlegel. München (Fink) 2000 (= Figuren; Bd. 8). 336 Seiten.
Eine Studie über die Abschweifung (lat. 'excursus', 'egressio' oder 'digressio') setzt sich nolens volens einem Vorwurf aus, nämlich selbst abschweifend zu sein. Nun, dieser Vorwurfkann Andreas Härters Habilitationsschrift, die 1998 von der Universität St. Gallen angenommen wurde, in keiner Weise gemacht werden. Im Gegenteil, seine Studien zu Quintilians 'Institutio oratoria', Opitz' 'Buch von der Deutschen Poeterey', Gottscheds 'Versuch einer Critischen Dichtkunst' und Friedrich Schlegels kunsttheoretischen Schriften, insbesondere den 'Athenäums'-Fragmenten, sowie dessen Roman 'Lucinde' sind alles andere als unsystematisch und abschweifend.
Gender ist rhetorisch verfaßt, und es sind die Figuren und die Tropen der Autobiographie, die diese" Verfaßtheit lesbar machen. Die Autorin analysiert die scheinbar gesicherte Differenz der Geschlechter wie auch die der Genres, indem sie die Figuren des Genres Autobiographie den Figuren, die die Illusion einer vordiskursiven Geschlechtsidentität konstruieren, gegenüberstellt und ihre Funktionsweisen korreliert. Über die Umbesetzung der traditionellen rhetorischen Terminologie wird eine Lektürepraxis erprobt, die die rhetorische Verfaßtheit der Kategorien Gender/Genre reflektiert und diese als Paradigmen subjektstabilisierender Diskursformen in Frage stellt. Ausgehend von Paul de Mans Reformulierung des klassischen Rhetorikbegriffs, Jacques Derridas Reflexionen zum Gesetz der Gattung und zum Verhältnis von Geschlecht und Sprache sowie Judith Butlers Konzeption einer performativen Geschlechtsidentität unternimmt die Autorin eine Umschrift des Gender/Genre-Begriffs, der nicht nur neue Sichtweisen auf Identitätskonstruktionen ermöglicht, sondern darüber hinaus die Grenzen des Faches Literaturwissenschaft selbst in Frage stellt und überschreitet.