BDSL-Klassifikation: 03.00.00 Literaturwissenschaft > 03.10.00 Stilistik. Rhetorik
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Sholem Asch's epic novel "Moses" has been criticized for a number of shortcomings. One of the main reproaches has do with Asch's attempt to present myth as history in a serious and at times "stuffily reverential" style (Siegel 194). Leslie Fiedler compares Asch's retelling of Exodus-Deuteronomy to Thomas Mann's version of Genesis in "Joseph and his Brothers" and argues that Asch, unlike Mann, lacks the irony of Mann's approach which is essential for handling mythological material in the modern age. Fiedler maintains that Mann's novel is superior to Asch's because Mann does not try to modernize the original material by rationalizing it (Fiedler 73-4). While there is much truth in what Fiedler says about "Moses", the contrast between Mann and Asch is not quite so clear-cut. Undoubtedly, the two authors did handle their material in radically different ways. However, both authors were writing modern realistic novels, i.e., they were dealing with a genre that demands structural coherence. And in this respect one must not overemphasize the difference between Asch's and Mann's treatment of myth.
Vsevolod M. Garshin's story "Four Days" ("Четыре дня") made the author famous when it was published in 1877. Intended as a strong anti·war statement and based on a true incident during the Russian-Turkish war (1877-78), "Four Days" is the interior monologue of a wounded soldier left for dead on an empty battlefield. His last name, Ivanov, which is traditionally considered to be the most common one in Russia, may suggest the idea of "everyman" in order to generalize the protagonists terrible experience on the battlefield into a broad anti-war message. The protagonist finds himself pinned down next to 0the body of a Turkish soldier whom he had killed just before being wounded. Forced to look at the corpse for a long time, Ivanov experiences terrible guilt, since he has never killed before. After four days of physical and mental agony, during which Ivanov reassesses his formerly idealistic attitude toward war and ends up condemning it as something far from glorious and noble, the protagonist is found by his regiment, and, unlike his real-life prototype, he survives (Henry. 47). Throughout the text we do not lave the confines of the protagonist's mind; as a result, the intense, relentless focus on his mental and physical anguish created by the interior monologue: immobilized by his wound, he becomes a prisoner of his own mind; as a result, the intense, relentless focus on his mental and physical anguish created by the interior monologue technique enhances the "horrors of war" effect intended by the author. At the same time the war-related situation and setting provide motivation for the wounded man's interior monologue: immobilized by his wound, he becomes a prisoner of his own mind and its therefore forced by circumtances to think through his entire predicament and its causes.
Die diskrete Metapher funktioniert, darin das Allegorische streifend, keiner natürlichen Kontinuität gemäß; sie folgt keiner naturgegebenen Ähnlichkeit. Sie ist – um es in Begrifflichkeiten der deutschen Klassik zu sagen – kein "symbolisch" funktionierendes Analogon, wo Sinnliches und Ideelles harmonisch zueinanderfinden. Die diskrete Metapher setzt Kunst in einem ganz bestimmten, man könnte auch sagen: "technischen" Sinne voraus. Kunst ist, sie zu erkennen, sie zu entziffern. Oder anders: Diese Metapher ist Text, nicht Bild, so wie das concepto eine "relation singulière entre l'écriture et la pensée" darstellt.
Das ist der medienästhetische Hintergrund, vor dem schon seit "El héroe" (1639) die mit Gracián symbiotisch assoziierte Metapher der Chiffrierung der Leidenschaften zu deuten ist. "Cifrar la voluntad" ist dabei die schützende Kehrseite der für die Erkenntnis ja viel entscheidenderen Fähigkeit, den Anderen zu entziffern. Im "Criticón" findet diese Art der Lektüre der Erscheinungen im "descifrador" ihre Figur. Die diskrete Metapher setzt auf ein Erkennen, so könnte man heute sagen, das sich einer kritischen "Lektüre" verdankt.