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In my Cahuilla Grammar (Seiler 1977:276-282) and in a subsequent paper (Seiler 1980:229-236) I have drawn attention to the fact that many kin terms in this language, especially those that have a corresponding reciprocal term in the ascending direction – like niece or nephew in relation to aunt – occur in two expressions of quite different morphological shape. The following remarks are intended to furnish an explanation of this apparent duplicity.
Studies of syntax in first language acquisition have so far concentrated on the propositional side of the sentence, i.e. on the occurrence and interplay of semantic roles like agent, benefactive, objective, etc. and their syntactic expression. The modality constituent, however, has received little attention in the study of child language. This may be due in part to the impetus more recent research in this field has received from studies of the acquisition of English, a language with poor verb morphology as compared to synthetic languages. The research to be presented in this paper is concerned with an early stage of the acquisition of Modern Greek as a first language, a language with a particularly rich verb morphology. Since modality, aspect, and tense are obligatorily marked on the main verb in Mod. Greek, this language offers an excellent opportunity for studying the development of these fundamental categories of verbal grammar at an earlier stage than in more analytic languages. [...] As this paper is concerned with the semantic categories of verbal grammar mentioned above as weIl as with their formal expression, only utterances containing a verb will be considered. For reasons of space we shall further limit ourselves to those utterances containing a main verb. Such utterances divide into two classes, modal and non-modal. [...] In spite of Calbert's claim (Calbert 1975) that there are no strictly non-modal expressions, affirmative and negative statements as well as questions not containing a modal verb will be considered as non-modal. As will be shown below, modal and non-modal expressions are formally differentiated at the stage of language acquisition studied.
The language of the Cahuillas shows two systems of expressions referring to kinship, which could be termed, respectively, as labeling-relational and as descriptive-establishing. […] Descriptive terms show two properties: 1. They are analysable into constituent elements so as to recognize the connection between the term and the proposition. 2. They are distinguishable from the proposition: a. by a special formal element […], in Cahuilla the absolutive suffix. b. by a narrowing or specialization in the meaning. A term which is not descriptive, i.e. which is not connected with a proposition, I shall call "label", "1abeling": It does not say anything about the object but is assigned to it just as a label is attached to a thing […].
The first question under Consideration is whether it is possible to explicate the meaning of 'meaning' (in the sense of Carnap's 'meaning explication'). It is argued then that we have to distinguish just between meaning1 and meaning2: Meaning1 refers to the proper semantic meaning whereas meaning2 refers to a pragmatic meaning expressed by the form 'S means that p'. The statement follows that there is no possibility of giving an explication of meaning directly based on meaning1. Concerning meaning2, arguments are given which demonstrate the identity of meaning2 with material implication. An explication of meaning2 would show tight resemblances to Tarski's well- known truth-definition.
Eine ausführliche Analyse der Prinzipien der etikettierenden und der deskriptiven Benennung findet sich in Seiler 1975 a. [...] Wesentlich ist; daß der Term gegenüber der Paraphrase; die vermittels der Proposition, zu der er in Beziehung steht, formuliert werden kann (Lehrer = einer, der lehrt), eine Bedeutungsverengung erfährt, die in diesem Falle durch eine zusätzliche semantische Komponente 'professionell' oder 'habituell' o.ä. erfaßt werden kann. Der deskriptiven Benennung, auch charakterisierbar als "Benennen durch Aussagen", dienen diverse sprachliche Mittel oder Techniken wie Derivation, Komposition (mit der Subtechnik der Inkorporation), Absolutivbildung usw. Nicht alle Techniken kommen in jeder Sprache zur Anwendung und auch in den Sprachen, in denen sie zur Anwendung gelangen, ist diese in vielen Fällen auf bestimmte morpho-syntaktische Bereiche beschränkt. [...] Betrachten wir nun unter diesem Gesichtspunkt der Distribution deskriptiver Techniken die Verteilung von Komposition und Derivation im Deutschen. [...] Gegenstand der folgenden Überlegungen soll […] die verbale Wortbildung, und zwar im Vergleich zur nominalen, sein.
In an earlier paper, I proposed a system for evaluating the relative descriptivity of lexical items in a consistent manner in terms of the interrelations of three metrics. The first of these, including five possible degrees of descriptivity, is based on the premise that the sum of the meaningful parts of a given form is or is not equal to the meaning of the whole. The second, also composed of five degrees, is based on paraphrase-term relations in which the logical quantifiers: all, some and no, are applied to the terms of the paraphrase in one test and to the meaningful parts of the term (linguistic form) in the reversibility test. Both tests are applied in the form of logical propositions. The third metric, with three degrees, deals with the relative explicitness of the meaningful parts of a given form: explicit, implicit or neither. […] This system was then tested in a pilot study involving the fairly limited and semantically homogeneous lexical domain of body-part terms in a specific language, Finnish. The purpose of the present paper is to subject comparable data from other languages to the same kind of analysis and compare the results in order to ascertain whether the generalizations arrived at with the Finnish data also hold for the other languages or, more specifically, which of these generalizations are more or less universal and which language or language-type specific? The additional languages to be examined here are: French, German, Ewe, Maasai and Swahili.
Three quantificational approaches to the measurement of lexical descriptivity are proposed, based on: the semantic sum of the parts of a lexeme is equal to the whole, paraphrase-term and term-paraphrase congruence, explicitness of semantic elements of a construction. Combination of all possible values into tripartite sets and then into equipollent groups results in a system composed of 12 grades. This system was tested with a semantic domain of the Finnish lexicon: body-part terms. The descriptivity indices for each lexical item were correlated with natural divisions of the body, construction-motivation types (form, function, location), grammatical construction types (endo- and exocentric compounds, derived forms, metaphors), and loanwords. These comparisons result in a number of grade profiles whereby specific descriptivity grades are characteristically associated with one or more types of body section, construction motivation, and grammatical construction. Diachronic and synchronic evidence points overwhelmingly to a process of semantic narrowing in the development of descriptive words and labels from phrases or sentences.
Vorwort : Hansjakob Seiler
Deskriptive und metaphorische Benennung im Bereich der deutschen Nominalformen : Rita Becker
Die Anwendung des Prinzips der deskriptiven und etikettierenden Benennung auf Instrumentausdrücke im Deutschen und Ungarischen : Elisabeth Katz
Etikettierende und deskriptive Benennung in Prä- und Postpositionalsystemen : Heribert Walter
Das deskriptive Prinzip im Hebräischen : Edna Habel
Anwendung der Prinzipien der deskriptiven und der etikettierenden Benennung auf Farbbezeichnungen im Deutschen : Charlotte Schwendy
Deskriptiv vs. Etikettierend in der Fachsprache der EDV : Wolfgang Kirsch
Relativkonstruktionen : Bernhard Clasen und Claudia Seip
Die […] Arbeiten entstanden im Rahmen eines vom Unterzeichneten geleiteten Forschungsseminars über sprachliche Universalien im Wintersemester 1974/75. Das Interesse konzentrierte sich auf den als "deskriptive und etikettierende Benennung" bezeichneten Problembereich; die Relativkonstruktionen, hier durch eine Arbeit vertreten, hängen letztlich mit dem genannten Problembereich zusammen. Eine weitere Studie über Relativkonstruktionen sowie sonstige zur Zeit noch in Arbeit befindliche Aufsätze dieses Seminars werden vielleicht, in einem späteren Arbeitspapier Aufnahme finden.
The speakers of the Paraná dialect of Kaingáng, from whom the data of this study were gathered, have lived in close contact with the Brazilians since before the turn of the century. Although many members of this group are still monolingual and Kaingáng is spoken in all the homes, the influence of Portuguese is making an impact on the language. This can be seen not only in isolated loan words, but it is slowly changing the time dimension of the language and the thinking of the Indians. The change seems to have come about first through loan words, but it is now also affecting the semantic structure of the language and is beginning to affect the grammatical structure as well. The study here presented deals with this change as it can be seen in relation to time expressions such as yesterday – today – tomorrow; units of time such as day – month – year; kinship terms; and finally aspect particles. In considering the time expressions the meaning of various paradigms will be discussed. The paradigms are related to the time when events took place, to sequence of events, and to the point of the action. No Brazilian influence can be observed here. In the discussion of the units of time the semantic area of these units before and after Brazilian influence will be explored. Through Brazilian influence vocabulary has been developed with which it is possible to accurately pinpoint events in time which was not possible before this. The time distinctions within the kinship system will be discussed, and how they change with the influence of Brazilian terms. A whole new generation distinction is added in the modified kinship system. Similary several new aspect particles are being created through contractions, which now contain a time element. The whole development shows an emphasis on fine distinctions in time depth which came about through the contact with Portuguese and which can be observed in several points of the structure of Kaingáng.
Eine allgeneine und theoretische Antwort auf die Frage, ob der Begriff "Possesivität" zur grammatischen Beschreibung einer natürlichen Sprache gehören solle oder nicht, wird je nach Standpunkt verschieden ausfallen. Man kann auch anders vorgehen, indem man in einem vortheoretischen Verständnis einen Begriff "Possesssivität" zunächst annimmt und zusieht, wie die Repräsentationen eines solchen Begriffs in je einer einzelnen Sprache sich gestalten. Die Möglichkeit, dass sich daraus, fast von alleine, eine Bestätigung und Präzisierung für diesen Begriff, ja sogar der eine oder andere Anhaltspunkt für dessen Universalität ergibt, dürfte man nicht ausschliessen. Der .Aufsatz von Hansjakob Seiler scheint schon in Zusammenhangmit diesem Problem nicht nur das Wesentlichste klargemacht zu haben; er stellt auch die Frage nach einem gemeinsamen Prinzip, dem die einzelnen Sprachen gehorchen, wenn sie die Possessivitätsrelation ausdrücken.
Dieser Beitrag ist ein Vorschlag, auf der grammatisch-semantischen Ebene dieses Prinzip in einer konktreten Sprache, dem Polnischen, aufgrund der die Possessivität ausdrückenden Mittel und ihrer Bereiche zu illustrieren. Daher wird hier semantisch davon ausgegangen, dass die Possessivität eine Relation ausdrückt, die den Verhältnis des Teils zum Ganzen entspricht. Ob man nun diese Relation als direkte Zugehörigkeit zur Menge oder als eine Art indirekter Zugehörigkeit, nämlich zum Besitzer der Menge auffasst, wäre eine Frage über die aufgrund der Struktur der betreffenden Sprache entschieden werden sollte, – vorausgesetzt immer, dass die Possessivität ein sprachlich ausgeprägtes und sprachwissenschaftlich beschreibbares Phänomen ist.