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This paper discusses a foundation for writing Hunsrückisch as a German immigrant language in contact with Brazilian Portuguese. This foundation brings together the main conclusions obtained by the Group for the Studies of Hunsrückisch Writing (Grupo de Estudos da Escrita do Hunsrückisch – ESCRITHU). This group was formed at the Language Institute at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with the goal of proposing not only a system of orthographic norms for a language that exists mostly just in oral forms, but also to encourage research on and linguistic education for speakers of this immigrant language. An already extant literature in Hunsrückisch includes journal and magazine texts such as Sankt Paulusblatt or the Brummbär-Kalendar, published between 1931 and 1935, as well as texts by authors such as Rambo (2002 [1937-1961]), Gross (2001), and Rottmann (1889 [1840]). From these texts various writing formats, guidelines, and goals for an orthographic norm are analyzed, be they for the written expression of the speakers or for useful instruments in the transliteration of ethnotexts within the ALMA-H project (Linguistic- Contactual Atlas of the German Minorities in the La Plata Basin: Hunsrückisch), with which ESCRITHU collaborates.
This article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish varieties and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct varieties can be distinguished. In each variety area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender, and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The variety regions which are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features), and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.
Rad je svojevrsna autoričina zahvala dugogodišnjem kolegi i voditelju projekta dr. sc. Miji Lončariću. S obzirom na to da sam se dijalektologijom bavila više od 40 godina, opažam ubrzane jezične promjene koje zahvaćaju hrvatske mjesne govore. Književni tekstovi nerijetko postaju spomenici koji čuvaju starije jezično stanje. U radu se na temelju zbirka Zlatice Balas govori o čakavštini grižanskoga kraja. Dvije zbirke te autorice vrijedan su prinos očuvanju govora. Osobito su vrijedni leksički i naglasni podatci koji se nalaze u zbirkama.
The present volume results from an initiative to foster cooperation between scholars of Himalayan languages in Europe. The initiative was launched five years ago and has brought about a series of annual workshop meetings and individual cooperative projects (cf. http://www.isw.unibe.ch/EuroHimal). The 1998 workshop, held in Heidelberg, was devoted to the role that notions of speech act participants play in the grammar of various Himalayan languages, and the present collection represents, with some additions and some subtractions, the proceedings of this workshop. In the following I will give some background on the rationale for the topics covered in this volume, especially on the ways in which the indexing of speech act participants is related in Himalayan languages to evidentials and other epistemological operators. I will close this introduction with a brief outline of the structure of the volume.
Međimurski interdijalekt
(2007)
U radu autor donosi rezultate istraživanja razgovornog jezika odabrane skupine mlađih govornika međimurskog dijalekta. U prvom se dijelu rada opisuju “čvrsti dijelovi” međimurskoga dijalekta, tj. one osobine toga dijalekta koje su se u ispitivanom govoru očuvale kod većine ispitanika i koje će najvjerojatnije još vrlo dugo opstati. U drugom dijelu rada opisuju se one osobine toga dijalekta za koje se čini da su u govoru većine ispitanika nestale ili se vidi tendencija nestajanja. Situacija nalik opisanoj u ovom radu sve se više zamjećuje i na terenskim istraživanjima toga dijalekta.
U radu se raspravlja o leksikografskom postupku koji se primjenjuje u izradbi Rječnika hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnog jezika pri uspostavljanju nadnatuknice i kanonskih likova za dvadesetak potvrđenih leksičkih varijanata za ‘rajnski forint’, novčanu jedinicu koja označuje kovani novac u uporabi u Hrvatskoj od 16. do 19. stoljeća. Nakon navođenja svih kontekstualnih potvrda, utvrđuje se vrijednost novčane jedinice i podrijetlo naziva, provodi se morfološka analiza leksema, određuju se kanonski likovi i njihove gramatičke odrednice te se lik rajniški uspostavlja kao najreprezentativniji gdje se donose etimologija i definicija. Dvadesetak leksičkih varijanata za naziv ‘rajnski forint’ posljedica su različitih jezičnih procesa u prihvaćanju, upotrebi i adaptaciji toga naziva u kajkavskom književnom jeziku.
U radu se prikazuje i analizira leksikografski status brojevnih riječi u Rječniku hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnog jezika. Prilaže se popis brojevnih riječi obrađenih u rječniku, utvrđuje se u kojoj su mjeri u rječničkome članku zastupljeni elementi gramatičkoga opisa i navode li se oni dosljedno. Analiziraju se elementi definicije brojevnih riječi i njezina koherentnost.
In der sog. Edo-Zeit (1603–1867) durften sich in Japan von den Europäern nur Niederländer (Holländer) aufhalten und Handel treiben. Folglich mussten Deutsche manchmal als „Bergholländer“ ausgegeben werden und ihre Sprache dementsprechend als „Bergholländisch“ (vgl. GAD 1996: 3). Vor dem Hintergrund dieses nicht unspektakulären Beispiels erhält nun die als Überschrift des vorliegenden Beitrags dienende Fragestellung auch eine historisch-interkulturelle Legitimation. CIRKO (2004: 131 ff.) ging kürzlich dem Fundamentalproblem nach, was überhaupt Sprache sei; mein Aufsatz will spezifizierend die Vielschichtigkeit des Begriffs "deutsche Sprache" reflektieren, genauer: wie ihr Konzept und ihre Architektur sind, insbesondere angesichts ihrer weitgehenden Regionalität, Variation und Heterogenität. So soll der vorliegende Beitrag das Phänomenfeld der arealen Varianz im Ensemble der deutschen Gegenwartssprache hinterfragen, differenzieren und interpretieren. Dabei geht es vorrangig darum, die Binnenverhältnisse des Deutschen in diesem Argumentationszusammenhang zu modellieren und eine Systematik der Regionalität am Beispiel des Deutschen zu erarbeiten.
Vorliegender Beitrag geht davon aus, dass das Kulturphänomen "Deutsche Sprache" in Form und Gebrauch eine weitgehend regionale (areale) Inhomogenität aufweist. Im Argumentationsrahmen einer variationslinguistischen Dialektologie wird versucht, die diatopische Variationsbreite der deutschen Sprache zu umreißen und vor diesem Hintergrund eine spezifische bilinguale dialektale Kontaktvarietät des Deutschen (nämlich das sog. ,,Kontaktdeutsch") in ihrer synchron wie auch diachron überaus dynamischen Ausprägungsstruktur zu beschreiben und in das gegenwärtige Varietätenspektrum des Deutschen - sowohl hinsichtlich seiner Vetonung als auch seiner Dignität - einzuordnen. Somit soll auch zur Erforschung der inneren Dynamik der Varietätenvielfalt beigetragent werden.
Das Pommerische in Espírito Santo : Ergebnisse und Perspektiven einer soziolinguistischen Studie
(2011)
Der vorliegende Artikel behandelt Aspekte des Spracherhalts und Maßnahmen für die Sprachrevitalisierung des Pommerischen im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Espírito Santo. Die vorgestellten Daten basieren auf der soziolinguistischen Studie von Höhmann (2011). Nach der Einleitung, in der ein Überblick über die Forschungslage und die soziodemographischen Daten der untersuchten Sprachgemeinschaft gegeben wird, werden quantitative Daten zur Sprachpräferenz und zur intergenerationalen Sprachtransmission aus der Studie vorgestellt. Desweiteren werden die Verwendung der Minderheitensprache im Schulunterricht und daraus resultierende Forschungsdesiderate dargelegt. Es wird auf das pommerische Sprachrevitalisierungsprojekt PROEPO und auf Aspekte der Standardisierungsmaßnahmen der Minderheitensprache eingegangen. Abschließend werden Perspektiven für den Spracherhalt erörtert.
Rad je detaljan nazivoslovni opis iz područja rodbinskih veza. Obuhvaća pregled naziva za bratova sina u trima komponentama hrvatskoga jezika: narječnoj građi, koja je raščlanjena, opisana i kartografirana; leksikografskoj građi, dijakronijskim pregledom priručnika od početka 17. stoljeća pa sve do suvremenih rječnika hrvatskoga standardnog jezika; te korpusu književnih djela pisanih hrvatskim jezikom. Pronađeno je desetak naziva: sinovac, bratanac, bratanić, braten, bratić, nećak, neput, nevodo. Izloženo je bogatstvo hrvatske leksičke baštine uz kartografski uvid u arealnu distribuciju pojedinih leksema na hrvatskome jezičnom prostoru.
This short overview reviews, in the first part, some of the most important fields of investigation where studies on Galician have contributed to variational linguistics, including macro- and micro-sociolinguistic studies (sections 1-3). The second part (sections 4-7) postulates some possible theoretical and empirical areas which we recommend to be included in future research. We propose a critical application of new models of linguistic variation, including recent frameworks such as studies on grammaticalisation, OT, intonational phonology, etc., but also call for the inclusion of established insights into language variation common in the European tradition. The high concentration of research institutions and the strongly dynamic situation of contemporary Galician could serve as an empirical touchstone for these theoretical frameworks, and Galician linguistics should apply them in a critical, flexible and creative way. This means that research on Galician will not only learn from theory but also contribute to it. We also briefly mention some of the areas where the studies of Galician have already contributed some important results to an overall perspective on linguistic variation.
The large majority of the isoglosses which can be established in the South Slavic dialectal area date from the time of the disintegration of Common Slavic and from more recent periods (e.g., Ivi´c 1958: 25ff). The isoglosses have often shifted in the course of the centuries, so that their original position cannot always be determined. In this study I shall concentrate upon the dialectal differences which originated before the 10th century. At that time, Slavic was still a largely uniform language, though it was certainly not completely homogeneous.
It is no secret that Gerhard Doerfer has argued strongly against a genetic relationship between the Mongolic and Tungusic languages. Ten years ago he presented a detailed analysis of the Mongolo-Tungusic vocabulary (1985). In the following I intend to show that his material allows of a quite different conclusion.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird danach gefragt, wie die Merkmale der Sprecher und Gebrauchssituationen, also die außersprachlichen Variablen, die den sprachlichen Varietäten zugrunde liegen, kategorisiert werden können. Natürlich ist diese Frage nicht neu. Seit Coseriu haben sich zahlreiche gestandene Soziolinguisten mit ihr beschäftigt (u. a. Albrecht 1986; Ammon 1987, 1995; Berruto 1980, 2004; Dittmar 1997; Löffler 2010). Hier wird der Versuch unternommen, sie in einer historischen Perspektive zu stellen, aber auch der, sie von der Gegenwart aus zu beantworten, die von einer Medienvielfalt geprägt ist, von der die Pioniere der Varietätenlinguistik nicht einmal träumen konnten.
Somatski frazemi su oni koji za sastavnicu imaju dio tijela. U radu se analiziraju somatski frazemi zabilježeni na području Čabra u Gorskom kotaru. Osnovne strukturne i semantičke karakteristike promatranih frazema oprimjerene su transkribiranim potvrdama. Svi primjeri prikupljeni su terenskim istraživanjem. Veći dio korpusa čine frazemi istraženi u mjesnom govoru Tršća, a zabilježeni su i oni iz Prezida, Čabra i Hrvatskog.
Podravski kajkavski dijalekt
(2011)