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The aim of the present paper is to highlight some aspects of bilingualism in a German minority language community located in the South of Brazil. Based on ethnographic research methods, the study describes language use in face-to-face interactions between bilingual students and their teacher in a monolingual primary school, focusing on Portuguese-German code-switching from a socio-functional perspective. The results suggest that code-switching should not be associated with language deficit, but with the bilingual discourse since the phenomenon could be seen both as a relevant conversational strategy as well as a significant learning resource among bilingual children.
O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar uma visão geral dos resultados obtidos em uma pesquisa empírica envolvendo aprendizes adultos de alemão como língua estrangeira com conhecimentos prévios de inglês. O foco deste artigo recai sobre os processos envolvidos no ensino/aprendizagem de terceiras línguas, levando-se em consideração que a língua alemã é comumente aprendida como uma segunda língua estrangeira após o inglês. Os principais questionamentos da pesquisa estão baseados em processos de transferência positiva, bem como na interferência linguística observada em um grupo de 50 aprendizes de alemão dos níveis A1 a B1 do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas. Ao que concerne a relação entre as línguas alemã e inglesa, a afirmação de que o inglês exerce um papel importante na aprendizagem de alemão pôde ser confirmada, sendo o parentesco etimológico entre as duas línguas um dos mais importantes fatores para se determinar a ocorrência de influência interlinguística. Por outro lado, a interferência linguística resultante da coexistência de ambas as línguas demanda o desenvolvimento de uma didática do plurilinguismo que compreenda métodos alternativos para o ensino/aprendizagem de alemão como segunda língua estrangeira no Brasil.
One of the most striking moments in the life of Brazilian children speaking a minority language happens when they go to elementary school. There, the attitude towards the family language is completely indifferent, if not openly hostile, since the school sees its duty limited to alphabetising the child in the official language, which is Portuguese. This article reflects on practical strategies for teaching school children speaking immigrant languages, focussing on the different meaning of alphabetisation in minority language contexts and on the advantages of early bilingualism, ascertained by research in cognitive science (cf. Bialystok 2005). Immigrant contexts of this nature are being studied in the linguistic atlas project ALMA-H (Atlas Linguístico-Contatual das Minorias Alemãs na Bacia do Prata - Hunsrückisch). Based on data from this project and considering the Brazilian educational context the article proposes strategies that could help to improve the alphabetisation process of those groups by reconciling the dissociation that separates school contexts from family contexts in areas of collective bilingualism in Brazil.
For the most part, in linguistic policies, which mainly manifest themselves in educational measures, substandard varieties are at best ignored, if not actively suppressed. This often deprives pupils in immigrant situations and coming from a dialect background not only of their right to speaking their own language but also from the opportunity of aquiring the related standard, benefiting from early bilingual education. Instead, the national language is often used as the only language of instruction and is therefore likely to outdominate any other variety. This paper analyses two immigrant groups on the American continent which both represent diglossic communities in which High German as the High Variety has been lost or replaced by the national language while the related dialect is continuously used for in-group communication. Despite structural similarities in the sociolinguistic makeup of the two speech communities, there have been different approaches towards the teaching of standard German. The paper shows that language attitudes toward the substandard play a decisive role in these approaches. It is argued that instead of seeing the dialect as an obstacle for aquiring the standard variety it ought to be viewed as a suitable starting point to learning High German. Far from being an out-fashioned relic, dialects in immigrant communities should be conceived of as vantage ground for building multilingual societies which include the own vernacular as an element of identity, the related standard as a means of international communication and, of course, the national standard as an instrument of integration.
This article discusses linguistic attitudes and conceptions (beliefs and prejudices) of 20 teachers regarding the ‘German accent’ ((de)voicing of consonants and neutralization of the vibrant) and their implications in their social practices in school lessons, in three German-Portuguese bilingual communities in Rio Grande do Sul. To conclude with, a reflection about how teachers’ conceptions relate to the treatment they dispense to linguistic traces in face to face interactions. The present investigation is inserted in the Interactional Sociolinguistics and in the Sociolinguistics field, specifically in linguistic variation and bilingual studies, and it is especially rooted in linguistic attitudes and conceptions. This research matches instruments and analytical categories of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, examining both teachers’ practices and their linguistic attitudes and conceptions. The results point to educational and identity conflicts which are reflected in speakers’ attitudes of solidarity or linguistic differentiation regarding the use and rating of linguistic variation, as well as in the treatment dispensed to the linguistic features of these communities.
A learner's mother tongue influences the acquisition or learning of another language, regardless of whether we are dealing with a second or a foreign language. But there are other factors influencing these processes. One can therefore only analyze these interferences by taking into account certain factors which include elements transferred from the mother tongue, elements from other languages that the learner has already learned, and elements coming from the language being learned or acquired. Moreover, these so-called interferences do not only occur at the linguistic level, but also at the extralinguistic level. This paper describes and discusses these factors in order to describe the process of learning German as a foreign language in Brazil and its peculiarities with regard to bilingual education. Through the description and analysis of empirical data and on the basis of the theory of the "great hypotheses", this text aims at better understanding the relationship between first and foreign/second language and their mutual interferences.
Either in the realm of the mother tongue debating, or in the problematization of the second language classroom, the matters related to the assessment conduct and to the linguistic behavior of both teachers and students should not be underestimated or even left aside. Linguistic diversity is broadly present in the school context, and it is imperative not to overlook the way this reality is considered and the linguistic policies which are present and necessary. Whereas the assessment process is an integral part of the formation of the student’s identity, it is relevant to consider the theoretical concept of this process as well as the practice current in the school context. This paper gathers definitions on the assessment conduct and linguistic behavior, highlighting the role played by the teacher in classroom routine aiming at the flexibility of the process, as well as the appreciation of the pupil’s linguistic individuality.
Osvojování jazyků bilingvním dítětem představuje stále velmi málo prozkoumané téma. V článku je na příkladu Maxe, dnes tříapůlletého chlapce, který od narození vyrůstá v dvojjazyčném prostředí, demonstrováno, jak probíhá osvojování jazyka bilingvním dítětem v konkrétních fázích, v nichž byl Maxův jazykový vývoj zachycován pomocí video a audio nahrávek, a dále vyhodnocován.
Vorliegender Beitrag geht davon aus, dass das Kulturphänomen "Deutsche Sprache" in Form und Gebrauch eine weitgehend regionale (areale) Inhomogenität aufweist. Im Argumentationsrahmen einer variationslinguistischen Dialektologie wird versucht, die diatopische Variationsbreite der deutschen Sprache zu umreißen und vor diesem Hintergrund eine spezifische bilinguale dialektale Kontaktvarietät des Deutschen (nämlich das sog. ,,Kontaktdeutsch") in ihrer synchron wie auch diachron überaus dynamischen Ausprägungsstruktur zu beschreiben und in das gegenwärtige Varietätenspektrum des Deutschen - sowohl hinsichtlich seiner Vetonung als auch seiner Dignität - einzuordnen. Somit soll auch zur Erforschung der inneren Dynamik der Varietätenvielfalt beigetragent werden.
Die Erzählfähigkeit eines zweisprachig aufwachsenden Geschwisterpaares: eine exemplarische Analyse
(2006)
This paper describes the ability of German-Portuguese bilingual siblings to narrate in German. The paper deals with the underlying theory of 'Functional Pragmatics' and describes within this theory the complex verbal pattern of narration in everyday life. In order to do this, a selected corpus will be analysed focussing on the conditions and characteristics of narration.