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A learner's mother tongue influences the acquisition or learning of another language, regardless of whether we are dealing with a second or a foreign language. But there are other factors influencing these processes. One can therefore only analyze these interferences by taking into account certain factors which include elements transferred from the mother tongue, elements from other languages that the learner has already learned, and elements coming from the language being learned or acquired. Moreover, these so-called interferences do not only occur at the linguistic level, but also at the extralinguistic level. This paper describes and discusses these factors in order to describe the process of learning German as a foreign language in Brazil and its peculiarities with regard to bilingual education. Through the description and analysis of empirical data and on the basis of the theory of the "great hypotheses", this text aims at better understanding the relationship between first and foreign/second language and their mutual interferences.
This article discusses linguistic attitudes and conceptions (beliefs and prejudices) of 20 teachers regarding the ‘German accent’ ((de)voicing of consonants and neutralization of the vibrant) and their implications in their social practices in school lessons, in three German-Portuguese bilingual communities in Rio Grande do Sul. To conclude with, a reflection about how teachers’ conceptions relate to the treatment they dispense to linguistic traces in face to face interactions. The present investigation is inserted in the Interactional Sociolinguistics and in the Sociolinguistics field, specifically in linguistic variation and bilingual studies, and it is especially rooted in linguistic attitudes and conceptions. This research matches instruments and analytical categories of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, examining both teachers’ practices and their linguistic attitudes and conceptions. The results point to educational and identity conflicts which are reflected in speakers’ attitudes of solidarity or linguistic differentiation regarding the use and rating of linguistic variation, as well as in the treatment dispensed to the linguistic features of these communities.
Der traditionsreiche Kultur-, Kontakt- und Integrationsraum Schlesien stellt eine Region im Überlappungs- und Durchdringungsbereich von Kulturen, Religionen, Sprachen und Nationen dar, wo sich im historischen Verlauf eine spezielle Sensibilität für Probleme und Chancen kultureller und sprachlicher Pluralität sowie für die Geschichtlichkeit und Dynamik multikultureller Zusammenhänge entwickeln konnte. Daher verkörpert er ein besonders wertvolles Erinnerungsgut (vgl. zur Thematik Engel/Honsza 2001 und Lasatowicz 2004). Solche Regionen werden nun mit Blick auf ihre Ressourcen des multikulturellen Gedächtnisses im Zuge von gesamteuropäischen Prozessen – auch im Sinne einer neuen „mentalen Welt“ – zunehmend aufgewertet. Die kulturelle und sprachliche Situation, einschließlich der Sprach gebrauchsstrukturen, ist in derartigen multi-ethnischen Arealen im Spannungsfeld von mehreren Sprachen, Kulturen und Identitäten naturgemäß äußerst vielschichtig. Entsprechend dieser komplexen sprachkommunikativen Realität in Mehrsprachigkeits-Kulturen setzt ihre wissenschaftlich adäquate Erfassung, Beschreibung und Explizierung ein mehrperspektivisches multi-, inter- und transdisziplinäres Herangehen voraus. Denn die Bearbeitung der entsprechend weiten Fragestellungen erfordert einen relevanten Betrachtungsrahmen und eine angepasste Methodologie, die sowohl dem komplexen Gegenstand als auch den Erkenntnisinteressen der Praxis gerecht werden. Müssen doch die Linguisten mit der mannigfaltigen sprachkommunikativen Realität mindestens (a) systemorientiert, (b) soziologisch und (c) „technologisch“ umgehen und sie entsprechend reflektieren können. Da aber die Gesamtthematik – wie sie auch im Titel der Tagung zum Ausdruck kommt – einen etwas sperrigen Gegenstand bildet, konzentriert sich der vorliegende Beitrag lediglich auf einen besonders wichtigen Aspekt. Mithin lautet die erkenntnisleitende Forschungsfrage: Wie kann man inter- bzw. transkulturelle,4 bi- bzw. multilinguale Kommunikationsräume im Kontakt der Kulturen mit den für sie charakteristischen zweisprachigen Diskursmodi (die oft durch verschiedene Ausprägungen von Hybridität gekennzeichnet sind) in disziplinärer Hinsicht sinnvoll analysieren? Also in welchem generellen Verstehensrahmen bzw. unter welchem "Blickwinkel", im Kompetenzbereich welcher linguistischen Teildisziplin, mit welcher Methodologie lassen sich die im Blickpunkt stehenden sprachkommunikativen Konstellationen, bilingualen Sprechhandlungen und entsprechenden Kontakt-, Interaktions-, Überblendungs- und Konvergenzphänomene sachangemessen untersuchen und heuristisch interpretieren? Solche Fragen erlangen m.E. angesichts der aktuellen Fachentwicklung der Sprachwissenschaft zunehmend Relevanz. War doch im Rahmen der kartesischen Sicht noch eine Einheit von Rationalität und Wissenschaft gegeben, ist spätestens seit Thomas Kuhn (1996) klar geworden, dass man es heute mit einem Nach- und Nebeneinander verschiedener (z.T. sogar inkommensurabler) „Paradigmen“ (Kuhn 1996), „Denkstile“ (vgl. Fleck 2002), „disziplinärer Matrizes“ (Kuhn 1977, 392 f.) oder Wissenschaftskulturen als diskursive Terrains zu tun hat.
For the most part, in linguistic policies, which mainly manifest themselves in educational measures, substandard varieties are at best ignored, if not actively suppressed. This often deprives pupils in immigrant situations and coming from a dialect background not only of their right to speaking their own language but also from the opportunity of aquiring the related standard, benefiting from early bilingual education. Instead, the national language is often used as the only language of instruction and is therefore likely to outdominate any other variety. This paper analyses two immigrant groups on the American continent which both represent diglossic communities in which High German as the High Variety has been lost or replaced by the national language while the related dialect is continuously used for in-group communication. Despite structural similarities in the sociolinguistic makeup of the two speech communities, there have been different approaches towards the teaching of standard German. The paper shows that language attitudes toward the substandard play a decisive role in these approaches. It is argued that instead of seeing the dialect as an obstacle for aquiring the standard variety it ought to be viewed as a suitable starting point to learning High German. Far from being an out-fashioned relic, dialects in immigrant communities should be conceived of as vantage ground for building multilingual societies which include the own vernacular as an element of identity, the related standard as a means of international communication and, of course, the national standard as an instrument of integration.
One of the most striking moments in the life of Brazilian children speaking a minority language happens when they go to elementary school. There, the attitude towards the family language is completely indifferent, if not openly hostile, since the school sees its duty limited to alphabetising the child in the official language, which is Portuguese. This article reflects on practical strategies for teaching school children speaking immigrant languages, focussing on the different meaning of alphabetisation in minority language contexts and on the advantages of early bilingualism, ascertained by research in cognitive science (cf. Bialystok 2005). Immigrant contexts of this nature are being studied in the linguistic atlas project ALMA-H (Atlas Linguístico-Contatual das Minorias Alemãs na Bacia do Prata - Hunsrückisch). Based on data from this project and considering the Brazilian educational context the article proposes strategies that could help to improve the alphabetisation process of those groups by reconciling the dissociation that separates school contexts from family contexts in areas of collective bilingualism in Brazil.
O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar uma visão geral dos resultados obtidos em uma pesquisa empírica envolvendo aprendizes adultos de alemão como língua estrangeira com conhecimentos prévios de inglês. O foco deste artigo recai sobre os processos envolvidos no ensino/aprendizagem de terceiras línguas, levando-se em consideração que a língua alemã é comumente aprendida como uma segunda língua estrangeira após o inglês. Os principais questionamentos da pesquisa estão baseados em processos de transferência positiva, bem como na interferência linguística observada em um grupo de 50 aprendizes de alemão dos níveis A1 a B1 do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas. Ao que concerne a relação entre as línguas alemã e inglesa, a afirmação de que o inglês exerce um papel importante na aprendizagem de alemão pôde ser confirmada, sendo o parentesco etimológico entre as duas línguas um dos mais importantes fatores para se determinar a ocorrência de influência interlinguística. Por outro lado, a interferência linguística resultante da coexistência de ambas as línguas demanda o desenvolvimento de uma didática do plurilinguismo que compreenda métodos alternativos para o ensino/aprendizagem de alemão como segunda língua estrangeira no Brasil.
The aim of the present paper is to highlight some aspects of bilingualism in a German minority language community located in the South of Brazil. Based on ethnographic research methods, the study describes language use in face-to-face interactions between bilingual students and their teacher in a monolingual primary school, focusing on Portuguese-German code-switching from a socio-functional perspective. The results suggest that code-switching should not be associated with language deficit, but with the bilingual discourse since the phenomenon could be seen both as a relevant conversational strategy as well as a significant learning resource among bilingual children.