Biologische Hochschulschriften (Goethe-Universität; nur lokal zugänglich)
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Sponges are one of the major components of benthic communities and are considered to be a
key role organism in marine ecosystems. In addition to their importance in terms of
biodiversity, sponges are becoming increasingly attractive to the industry, as they themselves
or associated symbionts, produce various kinds of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical
properties. Some of them have already been clinically applied.
The taxonomic characters of Porifera are limited to only a few morphological and
histological characters. In addition, sponges of the same species often show a wide
morphological variability, whereas the latter depends on different ecological parameters such
as water depth and current conditions. Thus, the taxonomic classification of sponges often
becomes a scientific challenge.
The fauna of the Yellow Sea rates among the least studied worldwide. At the same time,
according to the UN Atlas of the Ocean, the Yellow Sea is one of the most intensively
exploited marine areas in the world. This is not least due to the dense human population living
in the entire catchment area of the Yellow Sea region. In order to compile medium- and longterm
conclusions about the anthropogenic impact on biota of the Yellow Sea, the knowledge
of species and their distribution is of crucial importance, as these data form the baseline for all
future conservation efforts.
Until now the sponge fauna of the Chinese Yellow Sea is insufficiently investigated.
Thus, there is only one publication on sponges from this region that has been released
hitherto. This paper is dealing with only a view species. However, there is no reference
concerning the present location of the voucher material, on which this publication is based on.
Consequently, no scientific collection on Porifera from the Chinese part of the Yellow Sea
exists to date.
In order to compile a documentation of the recent sponge community of the Chinese
Yellow Sea, 12 study sites along the coast of the Liaoning Peninsula, China, Northeast
Yellow Sea, were investigated with focus on sponge distribution. The corresponding habitats
were characterized in regard to their topographical features, abiotic parameters, and common
composition of benthic megafaunal and macroalgal assemblages.
Due to the lack of comparable studies, a comprehensive literature research on sponges of the
shallow Northwest Pacific Ocean was required. As a result the first compilation of
publications is presented, dealing with sponges from shallow depths of the northwestern
Pacific Ocean.
Abstract
2
In the course of this study, 31 sponge species in total were recorded, which are scientifically
processed. With the exception of four all specimens were determined to species- level.
Twelve out of the total number of species are new to science and are described and classified
according to the recent taxonomic system of the phylum Porifera.
The results of this study indicate considerable differences in species composition between
investigated sites. It is shown that physical factors (particularly current regime, sedimentation,
seasonally related variations in temperatures), as well the availability of suitable substrates are
directly related to the diversity and abundance of investigated sponge communities. In this
context possible adaptation strategies of the corresponding sponges were discussed in detail.
Two sponge species, Clathria (Clathria) asodes and Antho (Acarnia) lithophoenix, formerly
known exclusively from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, are now recorded from the Northwest
Pacific Ocean for the first time. Furthermore, Penares hongdoensis, Clathria (Clathria)
hongdoensis and Celtodoryx girardae were synonymized with Penares cortius, Clathria
(Clathria) acanthostyli, and Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides respectively. Moreover, the occurrence
of eight sponge species, which were known from previous records from the Yellow Sea, could
be confirmed.
As a result of this study the Asian origin of a sponge species that is invasive to the French and
Dutch coasts of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean since the 1990s could be established. Moreover,
it is demonstrated that Celtodoryx girardae from the northeastern Atlantic is in fact
conspecific with Cornulum ciocalyptoides described by Burton (1935) from the Posiet Bay,
Sea of Japan. Apart from taxonomic remarks, variations between populations from both
oceans are examined and discussed thoroughly in regard to possible ecological implications.
The community of documented sponges shows overlapping with the one from the Sea of
Japan. According to the results it is assumed that the endemic degree of the sponges from the
Chinese Yellow Sea is rather low to moderate.
The material obtained in the course of this study was integrated in the collection of the
Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Sammlungen. Therefore, it is the first scientific
collection of sponges from the Chinese Yellow Sea that can be consulted as a basis for all
further studies on sponges of this region.
The present study is the only investigation of sponges from Dalian and adjacent waters before
the spill occurred in the Dalian harbour in July 2010. Therefore, it provides an essential
baseline needed to assess the impact of the oil spill on benthic communities.
The role of small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, in podocytopathy and albuminuria
(2011)
Biglycan is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and is involved in the assembly of extracellular matrix components. In macrophages soluble biglycan acts as an endogenous ligand of the innate immunity receptors TLR2 and TLR4. Data addressing the role of biglycan in renal pathology are surprisingly limited. In a normal kidney, biglycan is expressed mainly in the tubulointerstitium; however, in the course of various renal diseases its expression may be altered. The biological role and mechanisms of biglycan action in the pathology of renal diseases, especially those affecting glomeruli, remain poorly understood.
Albuminuria is the first detectable clinical abnormality in diabetic nephropathy. In this study we detected increased biglycan mRNA expression in glomeruli of renal biopsies of patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy, with predominant localization in podocytes. This novel finding raised the question about the role and mechanisms of biglycan action in diabetic podocyte injury and whether the mechanisms of biglycan signaling causing podocyte injury and albuminuria could be extrapolated to other glomerular diseases.
To investigate the role of biglycan in the cause of diabetic podocyte injury and albuminuria we used the murine model of STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy and wild type (Bgn+/0) and biglycan deficient (Bgn-/0) mice. We observed that biglycan was expressed on mRNA and protein levels in podocytes of diabetic Bgn+/0 mice and that diabetic Bgn+/0 mice also had significantly higher albuminuria compared to non-diabetic mice 6 and 12 weeks after disease induction. Biglycan deficiency was shown to be an important factor in albuminuria development. Namely, we observed that diabetic Bgn-/0 mice had significantly lower levels of urinary albumin compared to diabetic Bgn+/0 mice. We showed that less severe podocyte loss in the urine of diabetic Bgn-/0 mice was associated with significantly higher nephrin and podocin glomerular expression compared to diabetic Bgn+/0 mice. Our data suggested that biglycan deficiency was protective against podocyte loss into urine and might be beneficial against development of albuminuria in diabetes.
Biglycan contributed to podocyte actin rearrangement due to increased phosphorylation of Rac1 in vitro. Furthermore, biglycan induced caspase-3 activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus enhancing apoptosis in cultured podocytes. Biglycan-induced ROS generation was TLR2/TLR4-dependent. Overexpression of soluble biglycan in wild type mice induced albuminuria under normal conditions and significantly increased albuminuria under pathological conditions (murine model of LPS-induced albuminuria). Inhibition of Rac1 activity in vivo decreased the albuminuria induced by biglycan overexpression. In patients with glomerular diseases, biglycan was detected in urine and was associated with nephrin appearance in the urine of these patients and with increased albuminuria. Collectively, our results elucidate a novel mechanism for biglycan-induced TLR2- and TLR4-dependent, Rac1- and ROS-mediated podocytopathy leading to podocyturia, albuminuria development and progression of glomerular diseases. Interfering with biglycan actions and blocking its signaling via TLR2 and TLR4 might be a potential therapeutic strategy against these diseases. To achieve this goal, the specific mechanisms for binding of biglycan to TLR2 and TLR4 must be elucidated and effective ways of preventing this binding must be developed. Nevertheless, biglycan remains the “danger signal” that activates innate immune receptors in non-immune cells and triggers the deleterious mechanisms leading to aggravation of renal injury.
Protein translocation across the chloroplast membrane is mediated by molecular machinery composed of protein complexes termed the TOC/TIC (the outer/inner envelope chloroplasts translocases). This translocation process is regulated by metabolic energy in form of GTP and ATP and is influenced by the lipid composition of the membrane. The ability to study the function of a single complex “TOC” in vitro using purified protein or purified chloroplast outer envelope vesicles has been instrumental for our understanding of the mechanism underlying this process.
Indeed, the TOC complex has been purified by previously established procedures. However its functional and structural analyses are impaired by the limited yield of purified protein. Therefore, protocols for native TOC complex purification are described here. The complex isolation is achieved by direct biochemical treatment of biological membrane hosting this complex or by tandem affinity purification of modified protein complex components from generated transgenic plants.
Furthermore, in this thesis, radioactive based in vitro import assays are described, namely those that allow monitoring translocation activity across the outer envelope of chloroplast. Based on the analysis of knock-out plants and isolated complexes it was previously suggested that lipid dependence of protein translocation might exist. Thus, the question was raised whether the lipid composition of the membrane has a direct influence on the behavior and functionality of the TOC translocon, or whether additional components of the chloroplast membrane account for the observed effect in vivo. To answer this question, a technique for vesicle fusion was developed. The principal aim was to explore the effect of an exchange of the lipid environment surrounding the complex translocon. This method helped to demonstrate that the SQDG and PI act stimulatory on the translocation across the outer envelope of chloroplast, whereas DGDG exhibits an inhibitory effect on TOC complex functionality.
Strukturelle Organisation und Mobilisierung des Primaten-spezifischen Non-LTR-Retrotransposons SVA
(2011)
SVA-Elemente repraesentieren die juengste Familie der Non-LTR-Retrotransposons,
welche das humane Genom fortwaehrend modifizieren. SVA-Elemente zeichnen sich
durch ihre Organisation aus zusammengesetzten repetitiven Elementen aus. Um
Rueckschluesse auf den Assemblierungsprozess, der zur gegenwaertigen Organisation der
SVA-Elemente fuehrte, und ueber transkriptionelle Regulation dieser Elemente zu ziehen,
wurden Unterschiede in der Struktur der 116 SVA-Elemente, die auf humanem
Chromosom 19 lokalisiert sind, detailliert untersucht.
SVA-Elemente konnten in sieben unterschiedliche Strukturvarianten eingeteilt werden,
einschliesslich neuer Varianten wie SVA2, 3`-verkuerzte Elemente und Elemente mit 5`-
flankierenden Transduktionen. Ich habe auch eine extrem erfolgreiche human-spezifische
5`-Transduktionsgruppe identifiziert, SVA_F1, die trotz ihres jungen evolutionaeren Alters
ca. 32% aller Mitglieder der SVA-Subfamilie SVA_F umfasst. Die transkriptionelle
Kontrolle einer retrotransponierten und 5`-verkuerzten SVA_F-Kopie durch den Promotor
des MAST2-Gens diente als urspruengliches Source-Element dieser umfangreichen 5`-
Transduktionsgruppe, die mindestens 84 Elemente einschliesst. Die zusaetzlichen 5`-
sowie 3`-Transduktionsereignisse der vollstaendigen Alu-Sequenzen bei Mitgliedern der
SVA_F1-Transduktionsgruppe 4 weisen auf ihre wichtige Rolle in der erfolgreichen
Expansion im humanen Genom hin. Diese nachtraeglich erworbenen Alu-Sequenzen
machen SVA_F1-Familienmitglieder offensichtlich zum besseren Substrat fuer die Trans-
Mobilisierung durch die L1-Proteinmaschinerie. Die unterschiedlichen konsekutiven 5`-
Tansduktionsereignisse der SVA_F1-Familienmitglieder deuten auf transkriptionelle
Kontrolle ihrer Source-Elemente durch eine Vielzahl externer zellulaerer Promotoren hin,
die im Laufe der Evolution in Keimzellen aktiv waren. Ausserdem zeigt die Existenz von
5`-Transduktionen, dass SVA-Elemente sich die 5`-flankierenden Sequenzen aneignen
koennen. Die Daten zeigen auch, dass SVA-vermittelte 5-Tansduktionsereignisse
alternatives RNA-Spleissen an putativen Spleissstellen involvieren. Aus der EST-
Datenbankanalyse ist ersichtlich, dass Mitglieder der SVA_F1-Subfamilie auch
gegenwaertig transkribiert werden.
SVA-Elemente sind hoch aktiv im humanen Genom, aber der Mechanismus ihrer
Retrotransposition wurde bislang nicht aufgeklaert. Vorangehende Analysen genomischer
SVA-Kopien liessen auf eine L1-vermittelte Mobilisierung schliessen; allerdings wurde
der experimentelle Beweis dieser Hypothese bislang nicht geliefert. Mit Hilfe der
Zellkultur-basierten Trans-Mobilisierungsassays wurde in dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal
experimentell bewiesen, dass SVA-Elemente tatsaechlich durch die L1-kodierten Proteine
in trans mobilisiert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden HeLa-Zellen mit einem
vollstaendigen oder mit einem 5`-verkuerzten SVA-Retrotranspositionsreporterkonstrukt
sowie mit einem L1-Expressionsplasmid bzw. Leervektor kotransfiziert und dann die
jeweiligen Raten der SVA-Retrotransposition anhand Neo-resistenter Kolonien, die
mindestens ein de novo-Retrotranspositionsereignis widerspiegeln, bestimmt. Die
Experimente zeigen, dass die Entstehung der Neo-resistenten Kolonien von der
Koexpression L1-kodierter Proteine abhaengig ist. Ich konnte auch zeigen, dass das
vollstaendige SVA-Testkonstrukt - im Gegensatz zum 5`-verkuerzten SVA-Konstrukt -
mit einer signifikant hoeheren Retrotranspositionsrate als die Kontrollkonstrukte, die zur
Generierung der prozessierten Pseudogenformation eingesetzt wurden, trans-mobilisiert
wird. Die Ergebnisse der Trans-Mobilisierungsassays belegen, dass SVA-Elemente ein
bevorzugtes Substrat fuer die L1-Proteinmaschinerie darstellen, und ihre 5`-Region
einschliesslich der Alu-homologen Sequenz fuer die hohe Retrotranspositionsrate essentiell
ist. Die elf analysierten SVA de novo-Integrationsereignisse weisen Merkmale der L1-
vermittelten Retrotransposition auf, wie Poly(A)-Enden, L1-EN-spezifische Konsensus-
Zielsequenz (NNAUNA), Zielsequenz-Verdoppelungen (TSDs), Mikrohomologien und
zusaetzliche Guanosin-Nukleotide am 5`-UEbergang.
Zusammenfassend demonstrieren die Ergebnisse dieser Studien, dass ein signifikanter Teil
der Mitglieder der human-spezifischen SVA-Subfamilie aus transkriptioneller Kontrolle
ihrer Source-Elemente durch externe Promotoren hervorgeht. Durch die in dieser Arbeit
durchgefuehrten in silico-Analysen wurde auch gezeigt, dass SVA-vermittelte 5`-
Transduktionsereignisse zur strukturellen Vielfalt der SVA-Elemente fuehren, und eine
neue Art von genomischen Umstrukturierungen darstellen, die zur Plastizitaet des
humanen Genoms beitragen. Ausserdem bestaetigen die Ergebnisse der Trans-
Mobilisierungsassays die Hypothese, dass SVA-Elemente tatsaechlich durch die L1-
kodierte Proteinmaschinerie trans-mobilisiert werden. Dabei sind Module am 5`-Ende der
SVA-Elemente fuer diesen Prozess hoechst relevant.
Die Ergebnisse der Dualen-Luciferase-Reportergen-Assays unterstuetzen die Hypothese,
dass innerhalb der SINE-R-Sequenz von SVA H19_27 cis-aktive Elemente vorhanden
sind, die auf aehnliche Weise wie die cis-aktiven Elemente innerhalb der 5`LTR von
HERV-K reguliert werden.
Ausserdem wurde in dieser Arbeit die Existenz interner reguatorischer Sequenzen
innerhalb der SVA-Sequenz bestaetigt. Mit Hilfe der Dualen-Luciferase-Reportergen-
Assays konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass SVA-Elemente cis-aktive Elemente
enthalten, die hauptsaechlich in der SINE-R-Region lokalisiert sind. Diese cis-aktiven
Elemente werden auf aehnliche Weise wie die cis-aktiven Elemente innerhalb der 5`LTR
von HERV-K reguliert. Die starke transkriptionelle Aktivitaet des vollstaendigen SVA-
Testelements und des L1RP-Promotors in den Teratokarzinom-Zelllinien bekraeftigen die
Annahme, dass haeufige SVA-Mobilisierung in Keimzellen durch die gleichzeitig
hochregulierte SVA- und L1-Transkription bedingt sein koennte.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass SVA-Elemente cis-aktive Elemente enthalten, die
hauptsaechlich in der SINE-R-Region lokalisiert sind, und auf aehnliche Weise wie die cis-
aktiven Elemente innerhalb der 5`LTR von HERV-K reguliert werden. Die starke
transkriptionelle Aktivitaet des vollstaendigen SVA-Testelements und des L1RP-Promotors
in Teratokarzinom-Zelllinien bestaetigen die Annahme, dass haeufige SVA-
Retrotransposition in Keimzellen durch die gleichzeitig hochregulierte SVA- und L1-
Transkription bedingt sein koennte.
This study comprises a survey on ecology, morphology and taxonomy of parasitic fungi infecting Pteridophytes and Orchidaceae found by the author on several field trips to Western Panama as part of the project plant parasitic micro-fungi of Western Panama (ppMP). In Panama, approximately 9500 species of vascular plants are found. Of these, Orchidaceae are with ca. 1150 (ca. 12%) species by far the most speciose family. The Pteridophytes in Panama comprise ca. 940 species in 31 families. Most fungal pathogens on Orchidaceae in tropical regions were described from plants in culture or from material intercepted at borders by plant quarantine services and not from their natural habitats. Therefore, little is known about distribution and ecology of these pathogens in their natural range. The author determined and classified several hundred Orchidaceae-species and Pteridophytes at the sites selected in the context of the project. This work facilitated the identification of many host plants (at least to genus-level) even in sterile condition in the field. About 65 species of Pucciniales are known to infest Orchidaceae and ca. 38% of them are described from tropical America. All available types of Pucciniales on Orchidaceae in tropical America were studied and compared with 91 specimens of rust fungi on orchids collected by the author in Panama. Several hundred additional specimens housed in the BPI, almost all intercepted from plant quarantine services, were used for comparison. As result of this work, it is suggested to combine Uromyces stenorrhynchi Henn. to Sphenospora and, as this is the oldest epithet, to synonymize S. kevorkianii Linder, S. mera Cumm. and S. saphena Cumm. with it. Further, it could be demonstrated that Uredo aurantiaca Montemartini, U. cyrtopodii Syd. & P. Syd., U. epidendri Henn., U. guacae Mayor, U. gynandrearum Corda, U. lynchii (Berk.) Plowr., U. neopustulata Cumm. (≡U. pustulata Henn.), U. nigropuncta Henn., U. oncidii Henn., U. ornithidii F. Kern., Cif. & Thurst., and presumably U. scabies Cke., are anamorphs of this variable species. U. gynandrearum is the oldest anamorph-name for all these taxa. Therefore, it can be established that this rust infects more than 80 species of Orchidaceae in three subfamilies. In total, the anamorph of this species was collected by the author on 17 different species of Orchidaceae in Panama which, apart from one species, are all new hosts to science. The molecular data obtained by the author confirm this view, although more data, especially from material from the whole range of distribution of U. gynandrearum, are necessary. Puccinia spiranthicola Cumm. was found to be a synonym of P. cinnamomea Diet. & Holw. and was found by the author on three different Orchidaceae in two subfamilies. Uredo pleurothallidis Keissl. is now considered a synonym of U. wittmackiana Henn. and the latter as the anamorph of Puccinia oncidii Cumm. In the anamorph genus Uredo, a new species was found infecting at least five different species of Sobralia and Elleanthus (Sobraliinae) at different localities. Molecular data indicate it to be related to the currently polyphyletic Phakopsoraceae. For the rusts with suprastomatal sori on Orchidaceae, now separated from Hemileia and placed in the genus Desmosorus (nom. inval.), the current concept with only one taxon is rejected and the establishment of three subspecies is suggested. The complicated taxonomy is discussed and makes it necessary to validate the genus-name and make a new combination. Another Hemileia-anamorph species was found by the author and is considered to be new to science. This is the first species of this alliance in America on Orchidaceae. Molecular data obtained by the author confirm the separation of Desmosorus from Hemileia and the position of the new species. For rusts on Pteridophytes, a new species of Milesia, (teleomorph: Milesina) and a new anamorphic species of Uredinopsis was found, both on hosts hitherto not known. In Calidion, the presumable anamorph-genus of Uncol, the species C. cf. cenicafeae Salazar & Buriticá was found on several new hosts. Further, the teleomorph was found. Morphologically, this teleomorph did not agree with the description of Uncol by the author of the genus, although the anamorph characteristics left no doubt that it is Calidion. Apparently, the description of Uncol is inadequate, but cannot be improved, as the type is unavailable. Molecular data obtained by the author show this species to be closest to Desmosorus. For Uredo superficialis Speg., the anamorph of Desmella, nine new hosts in eight different fern families were found by the author and the collaborators of the ppMP-project. Ecological data indicate that this species includes different host specific races, which, however could not be distinguished morphologically. For all these rusts, a thorough discussion of the ecology in their habitats is given. In total, 21 LSU rDNA sequences from 6 different rust species on Orchidaceae and Pteridophytes were obtained and analyzed with the Maximum Parsimony and Minimum Evolution method. Here, the position of several groups could be confirmed, and some anamorphs could be assigned to different teleomorphic relationships. Within the Ascomycota and their anamorphs, several hitherto unknown species and species not known from these hosts or not known from Panama were found and analyzed. On Orchidaceae, the following fungi belonging to the Ascomycota are described, illustrated and discussed: In the Phyllachorales, a hitherto not known Phyllachora sp. was found on Oncidium warszewiczii Rchb. f. and was compared with the other species of this order currently known from Orchidaceae. In the Asterinaceae s. l. Lembosia cf. epidendri Meir. Silva & O. R. Pereia was found on Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f., which is a new host and new host alliance for this fungus hitherto only known from Brazil. The fungus is described and compared with all species of Asterinaceae currently known on Orchidaceae. In the Meliolaceae, Meliola orchidacearum Cif. was found on Camaridium biolleyi (Schltr.) Schltr. and an Epidendrum sp. which are new hosts and new host alliances of this fungus which was hitherto only known from the Caribbean Islands. It is described, illustrated and compared with the type. In the Glomerellaceae, Glomerella cingulata and its anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were found on several hosts. The species is illustrated, described and compared with data from literature. In the anamorphic Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora odontoglossii (Prill. & Delacr.) U. Braun, a species currently only known from culture, was found on the new host Pleurothallis imraei Lindl. It is illustrated, described and compared with data from literature. On ferns, the following other fungi are described, illustrated and discussed: A conspicuous undescribed form of Polycyclus was found by the author on Elaphoglossum ciliatum (C. Presl.) T. Moore (Dryopteridaceae) and Serpocaulon loriceum (L.) A. R. Sm. (Polypodiaceae). A conspectus of Parmulariaceae infecting ferns is given and demonstrated that Polycyclina should be synonymized under Polycyclus. Summing up, it can be assessed, especially for the Pucciniales, that the most speciose plant family in Panama carries remarkable few species of specific parasites, and that many of them seem to be distributed over a wide range of species which often are not closely related. One reason amongst others seems to be that parasites need a minimum density of host plants in a habitat to survive. As orchid species often occur with only few (and often small) individual plants at a given locality, the probability for a specific pathogen to infect a plant gets too low, hence high diversity by low abundance of hosts might be an impediment for specific pathogens. In this case, unspecific parasites, or such which are infecting larger alliances, are in advantage. Other reasons could be specific traits of orchids, like succulence and mycotrophy which might hamper fungal infections.
Da zwischen der bakteriellen und der archaeellen Selenoprotein-Biosynthese deutliche Unterschiede existieren, sollten in dieser Arbeit trans-aktive Faktoren der Selenoprotein-Biosynthese von M. maripaludis molekulargenetisch analysiert werden um weitere Einblicke in die archaeelle Selenocystein-Biosynthesestrategie zu gewinnen. Die folgenden Ergebnisse wurden durch diese Arbeit erhalten: In Archaeen muss der Selen-Donor wie in Bakterien zu Selenophosphat phosphoryliert werden. Ohne die Aktivierung des Selen-Donors sind Archaeen nicht in der Lage Selenoproteine zu synthetisieren. Das für die Phosphorylierung des Selen-Donors verantwortliche Protein stellt in M. maripaludis interessanterweise selbst ein Selenoprotein dar. M. maripaludis ist nicht zwingend auf die Synthese von Selenocystein in einer Zwei-Schritt-Methode ausgehend von Seryl-tRNAsec, durch die Enzyme PSTK und SepSecS, angewiesen. Das Einbringen des bakteriellen Enzyms Selenocystein-Synthase in M. maripaludis, welches die gleiche Reaktion in einem Schritt durchführt, ohne Bildung des Intermediats O-Phosphoseryl-tRNAsec, ermöglicht es dem Organismus ebenfalls Selenoproteine zu bilden. Dies zeigt, dass das Intermediat O-Phosphoseryl-tRNAsec der archaeellen Selenoprotein-Biosynthese-Strategie für M. maripaludis nicht essentiell ist. Durch die Disruption eines notwendigen Faktors in der Selenoprotein-Biosynthese wird in M. maripaludis eine Veränderung der mRNA-Mengen, der für Selenoproteine und deren Cystein-haltigen Isoformen codierenden Gene ausgelöst. Diese Regulation ist unter bestimmten Bedingungen nicht reversibel. Ein Unterschied hinsichtlich der Essentialität des selenierenden Systems konnte zwischen den Stämmen M. maripaludis JJ und M. maripaludis S2 festgestellt werden. In M. maripaludis S2 ist das selenierende System essentiell. M. maripaludis JJ hingegen ist nicht auf Selenoproteine angewiesen. Weder die physiologische noch die molekulare Grundlage konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit aufgeklärt werden, allerdings kann das neu identifizierte HesB-ähnliche Selenoprotein als verursachender Faktor ausgeschlossen werden.
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves spatially and temporally restricted molecular dynamics.
Although protein kinases and the actin cytoskeleton contribute to the process, whether and how
functions of kinases and actin are integrated remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neural
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and protein kinase CK2 form a complex and localize on
clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). N-WASP binds to and is phosphorylated by CK2, thereby reducing the
kinase activity of CK2. By contrast, N-WASP-promoted actin polymerization is decreased upon both
phosphorylation and binding of CK2. Knockdown of N-WASP and CK2, alone or in combination, results
in impaired endocytosis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and increased cell-surface levels of EGF
receptor (EGFR). In order to rescue the phenotype of N-WASP-CK2 knockdown cells, both N-WASP and
CK2 activities and abilities to assemble in a complex are required. In summary, this study shows that the
N-WASP-CK2 complex integrates in a single circuit different activities contributing to CME of EGFR and
that the interplay between the two proteins optimizes this process.
Integrin a2ß1 ist ein Adhäsionsrezeptor, der verschiedene Kollagentypen bindet. Als solcher spielt es eine bedeutende Rolle für Zellfunktionen wie Migration und die Regulation des Zytoskeletts, Zellteilung, Apoptose und Differenzierung. Integrin a2ß1 übernimmt deshalb eine tragende Funktion in Prozessen wie Wundheilung, Angiogenese und der Progression und Metastasierung von Krebs. Rhodocetin ist ein Antagonist des Integrins a2ß1. Es ist ein C-Typ-Lektin-artiges Protein das im Schlangengift der Malaiischen Grubenotter (Calloselasma rhodostoma) entdeckt wurde. Rhodocetin besteht aus vier Untereinheiten a, ß, ? und d, die zwei Dimere formen (aß und ?d), welche wiederum eine kreuzförmige heterotetramere Quartiärstruktur bilden, die bislang nur für Rhodocetin beschrieben wurde. Rhodocetin bindet an die Integrin-a2A-Domäne der a-Untereinheit des Integrins a2ß1. Rhodocetin unterbindet damit die Bindung von Kollagen und die Aktivierung des Integrins. Der genaue Interaktionsmechanismus von Rhodocetin mit der Integrin-a2A-Domäne ist noch unbekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden mittels Hybridomtechnik monoklonale Antikörper gegen Rhodocetin generiert. Es wurden sechs Fusionen von Lymphozyten mit Myelomazellen durchgeführt, für die sowohl Mäuse als auch Ratten mit Rhodocetin immunisiert wurden. Die erzeugten Hybridomaklone wurden zunächst im ELISA auf ihre Fähigkeit getestet, Rhodocetin zu binden. Positiv getestete Klone wurden selektiert und die monoklonalen Antikörper aus den Zellüberständen aufgereinigt. Es konnten 14 monoklonale Antikörper etabliert werden. Die Antikörper wurden zunächst in ihren Bindungseigenschaften charakterisiert. Hierzu wurden verschiedene ELISAs, Immunblot und Immunpräzipitation genutzt. In der Duchflusszytometrie wurde getestet, ob die Antikörper an Integrin a2ß1 gebundenes Rhodocetin detektieren. Die Antikörper lassen sich hinsichtlich ihr Bindungseigenschaften und der Lage ihrer Bindungsepitope auf den verschiedenen Rhodocetin-Heterodimeren in unterschiedliche Klassen unterteilen. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass Rhodocetin Konformationsänderungen unterliegt, die durch die Bindung einiger der generierten Antikörper induziert werden. Um den Einfluss divalenter Kationen auf die Konformation von Rhodocetin sowie den Interaktionsmechanismus von Rhodocetin mit der Integrin-a2A-Domäne zu untersuchen, wurde die analytische Gelfiltrationschromatographie genutzt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Bindung divalenter Kationen die Konformation von Rhodocetin beeinflusst. Um die Interaktionsstudien von Rhodocetin mit der a2A-Domäne auszuwerten wurde ein Sandwich-ELISA etabliert. Dieser ermöglichte es, im Anschluss an die Gelfiltration, die beiden Rhodocetin-Heterodimere unabhängig voneinander im Eluat nachzuweisen und zu quantifizieren. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass das Rhodocetin-Heterotetramer während der Interaktion mit der Integrin-a2A-Domäne dissoziiert und nur das ?d-Dimer einen stabilen Komplex mit der a2A-Domäne bildet, während das aß-Dimer freigesetzt und unabhängig von diesem Komplex eluiert wird. Die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften von Rhodocetin wurden in einem Tumor-Xenograft-Modell untersucht, für das immundefizienten Mäusen HT1080 Fibrosarkomzellen implantiert wurden. Rhodocetin wurde den Mäusen intravenös appliziert und die Auswirkungen auf die Tumoren sowie der Verbleib von Rhodocetin im Körper analysiert. Die Entwicklung der Serumkonzentration von Rhodocetin wurde mit dem etablierten Sandwich-ELISA untersucht, welches hierzu mit einer Standardreihe kalibriert wurde. Die Elimination von Rhodocetin folgt einer Kinetik erster Ordnung. Die Exkretion von Rhodocetin erfolgt über die Niere. Es zeigte sich, dass etwa zwei Drittel des applizierten Rhodocetins unmittelbar nach Injektion von Integrin a2ß1-exprimierenden Zellen des Blutes gebunden werden. Die immunhistologische Auswertung von Tumoren und Kontrollgeweben ergab, dass Rhodocetin an Endothelzellen innerhalb der Nierenglomeruli sowie der Leber bindet. Rhodocetin konnte auch auf Endothelzellen der Tumorvaskulatur nachgewiesen werden. Innerhalb der Tumoren wurde Rhodocetin auch außerhalb von Blutgefäßen gefunden, wo es an HT1080 Tumorzellen bindet. Die Behandlung mit Rhodocetin beeinträchtigte die Integrität der Blutgefäße innerhalb der Tumoren und führte zu Hämorrhagien. Um die Auswirkungen von Rhodocetin auf die Tumoren genauer zu untersuchen und zu quantifizieren, wurde dynamische Magnetresonanztomographie genutzt. Es zeigte sich, dass Rhodocetin die Durchlässigkeit der Blutgefäße in Tumoren signifikant erhöht.
Conclusion: Proteins containing a Jumonji C (JmjC) domain appear in almost all living organisms and catalyze a variety of oxidation reactions. Therefore, they are important regulators in many biological processes such as proliferation and differentiation. They act either as protein hydroxylases, histone demethylases or by regulate mRNA splicing. Given the fact that some of the JmjC domain-containing proteins are shown to be upregulated in response to hypoxia as well as the dependency of JmjC domain catalytic activity on oxygen led to the assumption of an involvement in angiogenesis. For Jmjd6, a member of the JmjC domain-containing protein family, a regulatory involvement in mRNA splicing has been shown. The Jmjd6-/- mouse dies perinatally due to several severe organ malformations, especially in the heart. Despite the pale appearance, the growth retardation and the cardiac defects, it is unclear whether these mice exhibit defects of cells comprising the vasculature. Therefore, the involvement of Jmjd6 in angiogenesis was examined in vitro using angiogenesis assays as well as in vivo using the Jmjd6+/- mouse. An siRNA-mediated knockdown of Jmjd6 in ECs significantly impaired the formation of capillary-like networks in the tube formation assay as well as sprouting in the spheroid assay. Moreover, after siRNA-mediated knockdown of Jmjd6 in ECs cell migration was significantly reduced. These findings were confirmed in the matrigel plug assay in vivo. Implanted matrigel plugs of Jmjd6+/- mice exhibited significantly less perfused vessels compared to wildtype littermates. Furthermore, cultured lung ECs from Jmjd6+/- mice exhibited impaired network forming activity ex vivo compared to cells isolated from wildtype littermates. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the requirement of Jmjd6 in angiogenesis, an Affymetrix exon-array was performed, which allows detection of changes in gene expression as well as splicing. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of Jmjd6 altered the expression of genes known to play a role in vascular biology. The bioinformatic assessment of alternative splice variants revealed that Jmjd6 silencing affects the splicing of the VEGF receptor 1 (Flt1). Differential splicing of Flt1 was shown to generate a short and soluble form of Flt1 (sFlt1), which sequestrates VEGF and PlGF, and thereby inhibits angiogenesis. In particular, a significant increase in sFlt1 expression was observed. Jmjd6 was recently reported to hydroxylate the splicing factor U2AF65. Therefore, we investigated whether U2AF65 might mediate Flt1 splicing and binds to Flt1 mRNA. Indeed, U2AF65 co-immunoprecipitated with Jmjd6 in ECs, while an interaction of U2AF65 with sFlt1 was demonstrated. Moreover, inhibition of Jmjd6 catalytic function by reduced oxygen concentration altered splicing of Flt1 resulted in an increase of the sFlt1 splice variant. Finally, saturating concentrations of VEGF or PlGF or neutralizing antibodies against sFlt1 significantly reduced the inhibition of sprouting caused by Jmjd6 knockdown in vitro.
Collectively, our results indicate that Jmjd6 has an essential role in the oxygen-dependent regulation of angiogenesis by controlling the splicing of Flt1 mRNA, thereby adjusting the generation of the anti-angiogenic short splice variant sFlt1. Several publications demonstrated a major importance for sFlt1 as a biomarker for many severe human diseases such as preeclampsia, sepsis, cancer, myocardial infarction as well as chronic heart failure. Therefore, the identification of the molecular mechanism behind the generation of sFlt1 might enable the development of new or more precise clinical markers for the diagnosis of the corresponding diseases. Furthermore, the discovery of the enzymes involved in the generation of sFlt1 provides further possibilities to modulate sFlt1 levels and thereby may potentially gives rise to the development of new therapies.
NOSTRIN belongs to the recently defined F-BAR protein family. F-BAR proteins are
multi-domain proteins, which serve as adaptors between plasma membrane and
cytoskeleton components in processes such as membrane protrusion formation,
endocytosis and migration. NOSTRIN encompasses a F-BAR domain at the N-terminus,
which mediates membrane association, followed by a HR1 motif and an intermediate
domain (ID) domain in the middle, and a SH3 domain at the C-terminus. The domain
architecture and ability to form oligomers enable NOSTRIN to coordinate several
interaction partners namely dynamin, caveolin, N-WASP and endothelial nitric oxide
synthase (eNOS) in the process of eNOS trafficking. In this context NOSTRIN was
originally identified and hence termed eNOS traffick inducer. NOSTRIN is expressed in
vascularized tissues (e.g. liver and lung) and in primary endothelial cells.
Aims of the present work were (1) to investigate if NOSTRIN is involved in other
processes besides eNOS trafficking, (2) to analyse the function of NOSTRIN in vivo
through knockdown of NOSTRIN in developing zebrafish and (3) to study the
consequences of the loss of NOSTRIN on signal transduction in a primary cell culture
model derived from NOSTRIN knockout mice.
To study the possible involvement of NOSTRIN in other processes besides eNOS
trafficking a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed in which fibroblast growth factor
receptor 1 (FGFR1) was identified as a putative novel interaction partner of NOSTRIN. In
a series of yeast two-hybrid, pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation experiments the
interaction between NOSTRIN and FGFR1 was confirmed to occur between
endogenously expressed proteins and determined to be direct and to depend on the ID
domain of NOSTRIN and the 130 C-terminal amino acid residues of FGFR1. FGFR1 is
activated by binding of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and induces several different
signal transduction pathways (e.g. MAPK and Akt pathway). Overexpression of
NOSTRIN in HeLa cells specifically enhanced FGF2-dependent MAPK activation.
Accordingly, depletion of NOSTRIN attenuated FGF2-dependent MAPK activation and
did not affect FGF2-induced Akt activation.
In summary, NOSTRIN has been identified as a novel interaction partner of FGFR1
involved in FGF2-dependent signal transduction.
The morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of NOSTRIN in developing
zebrafish caused vascular leakage and irregular vascular patterning e.g. a loss of the
proper trajectory of intersegmental vessel and interruptions of the dorsal longitudinal
anastomotic vessel. The vascular phenotype was consistent upon use of two different
morpholinos and could be rescued in a dose dependent manner by the injection of
zebrafish NOSTRIN mRNA. Detailed analysis involving confocal and time lapse
microscopy in zebrafish with endothelial specific expression of EGFP revealed that the
knockdown of NOSTRIN impacts in vivo on the migration and morphology of endothelial
tip cells and leads to a reduction of filopodia number and length.
Additionally a NOSTRIN knockout mouse was generated. The analysis of FGFR1 signal
transduction in primary mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) from NOSTRIN knockout
and wild type mice revealed that FGF2-dependent MAPK activation was attenuated in
MLECs isolated from NOSTRIN knockout mice when compared to MLECs isolated from
wild type mice. The effect of NOSTRIN on FGF2-dependent signal transduction seems to
be specific, since VEGF-induced MAPK activation was not affected in NOSTRIN
knockout MLECs. The importance of NOSTRIN for FGF2 signal transduction in vivo is
demonstrated by the greatly impaired angiogenic response to FGF2 in NOSTRIN
knockout mice in matrigel plug assay. In a detailed biochemical analysis it was
discovered that NOSTRIN interacts with the activated small GTPase Rac1 and that
overexpression of NOSTRIN enhances Rac1 activation. Furthermore, the interactions of
NOSTRIN with both Rac1 and its GEF Sos1 are required for NOSTRIN-mediated
activation of Rac1. In accordance, activation of Rac1 was not detected upon FGF2
stimulation in NOSTRIN knockout MLECs.
In conclusion, the present work describes a novel function of the F-BAR protein
NOSTRIN in FGFR1 signal transduction. Data presented in this work demonstrate that
NOSTRIN is required for the assembly of a complex consisting of FGFR1, Sos1 and
Rac1 and subsequently for the FGF2-dependent activation of Rac1 in endothelial cells.