150 Psychologie
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Institute
Cognition requires the dynamic modulation of effective connectivity, i.e. the modulation of the postsynaptic neuronal response to a given input. If postsynaptic neurons are rhythmically active, this might entail rhythmic gain modulation, such that inputs synchronized to phases of high gain benefit from enhanced effective connectivity. We show that visually induced gamma-band activity in awake macaque area V4 rhythmically modulates responses to unpredictable stimulus events. This modulation exceeded a simple additive superposition of a constant response onto ongoing gamma-rhythmic firing, demonstrating the modulation of multiplicative gain. Gamma phases leading to strongest neuronal responses also led to shortest behavioral reaction times, suggesting functional relevance of the effect. Furthermore, we find that constant optogenetic stimulation of anesthetized cat area 21a produces gamma-band activity entailing a similar gain modulation. As the gamma rhythm in area 21a did not spread backwards to area 17, this suggests that postsynaptic gamma is sufficient for gain modulation.
Perspectives of female leaders on sense of coherence and mental health in an engineering environment
(2013)
Orientation: Positive organisational behaviour impacts strongly on various individual and work-related outcomes. Gender perspectives in this paradigm have not yet been comprehensively researched.
Research purpose: This article explores female perspectives on mental health and sense of coherence. The aim is to promote an understanding of gender-related subjective perceptions on mental health and sense of coherence from an emic perspective.
Motivation for the study: Limited research exists regarding the perceptions of positive leadership behaviour of female leaders within South African who experience unique challenges within the business environment and remain healthy at the same time.
Research design, approach and method: Data from a mixed-method research study are presented, thereby providing insights into quantitative and in-depth qualitative empirical data from 15 female leaders. The study followed a single, embedded case study approach.
Main findings: The main findings show that sense of coherence, mental health and gender awareness are connected. Female leaders with a high sense of coherence refer to gender in a positive or neutral way in a male-dominated work environment. The results emphasise individual and social health-promoting strategies in an organisation and the way personal life orientation contributes to individual (mental) health.
Practical/managerial implications: Organisations need to focus more on promoting mental health in terms of gender and gender-related positive psychology frames.
Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to the literature on gender within the positive organisational behaviour paradigm, presents recommendations for future research and highlights the practical implications for organisations.
Human deep sleep is characterized by reduced sensory activity, responsiveness to stimuli, and conscious awareness. Given its ubiquity and reversible nature, it represents an attractive paradigm to study the neural changes which accompany the loss of consciousness in humans. In particular, the deepest stages of sleep can serve as an empirical test for the predictions of theoretical models relating the phenomenology of consciousness with underlying neural activity. A relatively recent shift of attention from the analysis of evoked responses toward spontaneous (or “resting state”) activity has taken place in the neuroimaging community, together with the development of tools suitable to study distributed functional interactions. In this review we focus on recent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies of spontaneous activity during sleep and their relationship with theoretical models for human consciousness generation, considering the global workspace theory, the information integration theory, and the dynamical core hypothesis. We discuss the venues of research opened by these results, emphasizing the need to extend the analytic methodology in order to obtain a dynamical picture of how functional interactions change over time and how their evolution is modulated during different conscious states. Finally, we discuss the need to experimentally establish absent or reduced conscious content, even when studying the deepest sleep stages.
Seit seinem Erscheinen im Jahr 1919 stand das 'Tagebuch eines halbwüchsigen Mädchens' im Zentrum des öffentlichen Interesses. Die Aufzeichnungen, die von der zunächst anonym bleibenden Herausgeberin, der Wiener Kinder-Analytikerin Hermine Hug-Hellmuth, als "Kulturdenkmal unserer Zeit" präsentiert und von Sigmund Freud als kulturhistorisches Dokument ersten Ranges gewürdigt wurden, erwiesen sich nur wenige Jahre nach ihrer Publikation als Werk der Analytikerin selbst. Dass das Tagebuch als 'authentisches' Zeugnis so erfolgreich war - bereits in den ersten Jahren wurden 10.000 Exemplare verkauft - und sich als Fälschung so wirksam entfalten konnte, hatte mit seinem spezifischen kulturellen und wissenschaftlichen Umfeld zu tun. Denn Hug-Hellmuth war nicht nur fest in die psychoanalytische Bewegung eingebunden, auch hatte sie sich in dem im Entstehen begriffenen kinderpsychoanalytischen Diskurs der 1910er Jahre bereits einen Namen gemacht - und so die für eine Fälschung unabdingbaren Qualifikationen erworben. Vor allem aber lag die Durchschlagskraft des Tagebuchs in seiner wissenschaftsinternen Bedeutung: Versprach es doch, als gleichsam verschriftlichter 'Originalton', Freuds Theorie von der kindlichen und adoleszenten Sexualität sowie deren Bedeutung für die Ätiologie der Neurosen zu belegen und somit eine der wichtigsten Hypothesen der Psychoanalyse auf empirische Grundlagen zu stellen. So sollte das intime Jugendtagebuch, das sich schon qua Genre als 'unverfälschte' und unverstellte Selbstaussage präsentierte, den lang ersehnten Einblick in die Blackbox der adoleszenten Seele ermöglichen, jenen psychischen Raum also, der sich der pädagogischen Kontrolle ebenso wie der auf Erwachsene eingestellten Psychoanalyse entzog.
When reading conflicting science-related texts, readers may attend to cues which allow them to assess plausibility. One such plausibility cue is the use of graphs in the texts, which are regarded as typical of ‘hard science’. The goal of our study was to investigate the effects of the presence of graphs on the perceived plausibility and situation model strength for conflicting science-related texts, while including the influence of readers’ domain knowledge and their knowledge about scientific visualization conventions as potential moderators of these effects. In an experiment mimicking web-based informal learning, 77 university students read texts on controversial scientific issues which were presented with either graphs or tables. Perceived plausibility and situation model strength for each text were assessed immediately after reading; reader variables were assessed several weeks prior to the experiment proper. The results suggest that graphs can indeed serve as plausibility cues and thus boost situation model strength for texts which contain them. This effect was mediated by the perceived plausibility of the information in the texts with graphs. However, whether readers use graphs as plausibility cues in texts with conflicting information seems to depend also on their amount of experience with scientific texts and graphs.
in den letzten 15 Jahren haben Hochschulen neben den traditionellen Lehr- und Lernformen zahlreiche neue Lerndesigns entwickelt und etabliert, die vor allem auf dem Einsatz computer- und netzwerkbasierter Technologien beruhen. Sie führen zu einer Veränderung der Angebotsstrategien in der universitären Lehre, da neue Zielgruppen ansprechbar werden. Neue Lerndesigns sind vor allem dann effektiv, wenn eine strategische didaktische Verzahnung mit klassischen Lerndesigns im Sinne eines Blended Learning stattfindet.