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The paper is aimed at contributing to an empirically grounded understanding of the psychosocial dynamics that underlie the relation between heteronormative images of masculinity, internalized heterosexism and health behavior of gay men in the global North. It is based on a qualitative interview study that focuses on the consequences of the internalization of dominant images of masculinity for the identity constructions of gay men and their HIV-related sexual risk behavior in Germany. In the paper it will be argued that 1) the tension between the authoritative image of masculinity that is determined by heteronormative discourses one the one hand and the gendered self-image that is shaped and threatened by connotations of a non-masculine homosexuality on the other constitutes a decisive issue of gay identity constructions, 2) a higher sexual risk behavior can be understood as a possible consequence of the internalization of masculine images and its impact on the self-esteem, if the self-image does not match the male ideal, and 3) this may include a paradoxical desire for the imagined masculinity that is experienced as violent with regard to one’s own psychodynamics. Finally, perspectives on gay masculinities that may transgress dominant heteronormative modes of subjectification are discussed.
In the present paper, we tested the ability of individuals to judge correctly whether athletes are lying or telling the truth. For this purpose, we first generated 28 videos as stimulus material: in half of the videos, soccer players were telling the truth, while in the other half, the same soccer players were lying. Next, we tested the validity of these video clips by asking N = 65 individuals in a laboratory experiment (Study 1a) and N = 52 individuals in an online experiment (Study 1b) to rate the level of veracity of each video clip. Results suggest that participants can distinguish between true and false statements, but only for some clips and not for others, indicating that some players were better at deceiving than others. In Study 2, participants again had to make veracity estimations, but we manipulated the level of information given, as participants (N = 145) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (regular video clips, mute video clips, and only the audio stream of each statement). The results revealed that participants from the mute condition were less accurate in their veracity ratings. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Liest man heute, fünfzig Jahre nach der Erstveröffentlichung, Alexander und Margarete Mitscherlichs "Die Unfähigkeit zu trauern", so kann man überrascht werden. Das Buch ist ein Klassiker und sein Titel zum Schlagwort geworden: für die Verzögerung der Vergangenheitsbewältigung, für die Verspätung, mit der sich die Deutschen mit den Verbrechen des Nationalsozialismus auseinandergesetzt haben, für den Unwillen, deren Opfer anzuerkennen. Im Buch liest sich das allerdings etwas anders, denn dass die Deutschen nicht getrauert hätten, bezieht sich nicht primär - wie wir wohl erwarten würden - auf die Opfer
Seit seinem Erscheinen im Jahr 1919 stand das 'Tagebuch eines halbwüchsigen Mädchens' im Zentrum des öffentlichen Interesses. Die Aufzeichnungen, die von der zunächst anonym bleibenden Herausgeberin, der Wiener Kinder-Analytikerin Hermine Hug-Hellmuth, als "Kulturdenkmal unserer Zeit" präsentiert und von Sigmund Freud als kulturhistorisches Dokument ersten Ranges gewürdigt wurden, erwiesen sich nur wenige Jahre nach ihrer Publikation als Werk der Analytikerin selbst. Dass das Tagebuch als 'authentisches' Zeugnis so erfolgreich war - bereits in den ersten Jahren wurden 10.000 Exemplare verkauft - und sich als Fälschung so wirksam entfalten konnte, hatte mit seinem spezifischen kulturellen und wissenschaftlichen Umfeld zu tun. Denn Hug-Hellmuth war nicht nur fest in die psychoanalytische Bewegung eingebunden, auch hatte sie sich in dem im Entstehen begriffenen kinderpsychoanalytischen Diskurs der 1910er Jahre bereits einen Namen gemacht - und so die für eine Fälschung unabdingbaren Qualifikationen erworben. Vor allem aber lag die Durchschlagskraft des Tagebuchs in seiner wissenschaftsinternen Bedeutung: Versprach es doch, als gleichsam verschriftlichter 'Originalton', Freuds Theorie von der kindlichen und adoleszenten Sexualität sowie deren Bedeutung für die Ätiologie der Neurosen zu belegen und somit eine der wichtigsten Hypothesen der Psychoanalyse auf empirische Grundlagen zu stellen. So sollte das intime Jugendtagebuch, das sich schon qua Genre als 'unverfälschte' und unverstellte Selbstaussage präsentierte, den lang ersehnten Einblick in die Blackbox der adoleszenten Seele ermöglichen, jenen psychischen Raum also, der sich der pädagogischen Kontrolle ebenso wie der auf Erwachsene eingestellten Psychoanalyse entzog.
Warum übt diese kurze Geschichte bis heute eine unmittelbare Faszination sowohl auf Kinder als auch auf Erwachsene aus? Warum konnte sie in den letzten 200 Jahren zu verschiedensten Zwecken eingesetzt werden? Zur Entdeckung "normaler" kindlicher Widerspenstigkeit in der Zeit aufkommender bürgerlicher Emanzipation, im Dienste einer autoritären Erziehung in der Wilhelminischen Ärea (Struwwelliese), zur Vorbereitung auf den Militärdienst während des Ersten Weltkriegs, als Symbol eines nicht bezähmbaren Revolutionärs, als sarkastische Progaganda gegen nationalsozialistische Ideologien ("Struwwelhitler") oder schließlich einer aufgeklärten "anti-autoritären" Erziehung wie im "ANTI-Struwwelpeter" von F. K. Waechter? Im Folgenden ein kurzer Versuch einer psychoanalytischen Erklärung als Ergänzung zu anderen Annäherungen : Heinrich Hoffmann ist es in den Struwwelpeter-Geschichten mit bewundernswert treffsicherer Intuition gelungen, ubiquitäre unbewusste Fantasien von Kindern, aber auch von Erwachsenen, anzusprechen und die damit assoziierten Erinnerungen an intensivste Emotionen, Ängste und Konflikte wachzurufen.
"Ich bin Feministin"
(1977)
Psychische Störungen überschreiten alle Grenzen – es gibt sie in allen Kulturen, zu allen Zeiten, in allen soziodemografischen Schichten und in jedem Lebensalter. Sie sind häufige Themen sowohl in Talkshows, Fernsehserien und Illustrierten als auch in Literatur, Theater und bildender Kunst. Jeden können sie treffen, und beinahe jeder kennt zumindest eine Person, die an einer klinisch bedeutsamen psychischen Störung leidet. Zu deren Behandlung und Erforschung sowie zur Ausbildung von Psychologischen Psychotherapeuten wurde 1999 am Fachbereich Psychologie und Sportwissenschaften der Universität Frankfurt die Verhaltenstherapie-Ambulanz eingerichtet. Primäres Ziel der universitären Ambulanz ist dabei, die Forschung und Lehre des Fachs »Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie « mit der praktischen therapeutischen Arbeit an Klienten zusammenzuführen, um damit die Verbindung aus Forschung, Lehre, Ausbildung und Praxis herzustellen.
Der Sport verlässt seine traditionellen Räume. Fest um- und begrenzte Territorien der Turnhalle, des Fußballplatzes oder des Leichtathletikstadions werden in vielen Trendsportarten ersetzt durch die Grenzenlosigkeit sowohl des Naturraums als auch des städtischen Raums. Jüngstes und vielleicht spektakulärstes Beispiel für die Urbanisierung des Sports ist eine aus Frankreich stammende Bewegungskunst mit dem Namen »Le Parkour«.
Im Bachelorstudiengang Psychologie an der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt wurde im Rahmen des Programms „Starker Start ins Studium“ ein Modul zur Verbesserung der Studieneingangsphase implementiert (Höhler et al., 2012). Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird beschrieben, inwiefern die Umsetzung des Lehrkonzepts zur fachlichen und sozialen Integration von Studienanfängern beiträgt und erste Evaluationsergebnisse werden vorgestellt.
Animal experiments report contradictory findings on the presence of a behavioural and neuronal anisotropy exhibited in vertical and horizontal capabilities of spatial orientation and navigation. We performed a pointing experiment in humans on the imagined 3-D direction of the location of various invisible goals that were distributed horizontally and vertically in a familiar multilevel hospital building. The 21 participants were employees who had worked for years in this building. The hypothesis was that comparison of the experimentally determined directions and the true directions would reveal systematic inaccuracy or dimensional anisotropy of the localizations. The study provides first evidence that the internal representation of a familiar multilevel building was distorted compared to the dimensions of the true building: vertically 215% taller and horizontally 51% shorter. This was not only demonstrated in the mathematical reconstruction of the mental model based on the analysis of the pointing experiments but also by the participants’ drawings of the front view and the ground plan of the building. Thus, in the mental model both planes were altered in different directions: compressed for the horizontal floor plane and stretched for the vertical column plane. This could be related to human anisotropic behavioural performance of horizontal and vertical navigation in such buildings.
Deutschland ist ein Einwanderungsland – wie wirkt sich das Zusammenleben von Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft im Alltag und am Arbeitsplatz aus? Muss es unweigerlich zu Konflikten kommen, oder welche Voraussetzungen sind notwendig, um diese Vielfalt positiv zu nutzen? Wer dies ergründen will, muss sich mit Gruppenkonflikten und sozialer Identität, die der Einzelne in der Gruppe erlebt, intensiv beschäftigen. Der Frankfurter Sozialpsychologe Prof. Dr. Rolf van Dick und seine Kollegen haben ein Modell entwickelt, das vorhersagt, wann die Heterogenität einer Gruppe eher positive und wann eher negative Effekte erzeugt.
"Wo bin ich – wer bin ich?" : Wie sich Selbstbewusstsein im Säuglings- und Kindesalter entwickelt
(2005)
While Freud regularly discusses the Oedipus complex in the context of the Sophoclean tragedy, the founding document of the psychoanalytic theory of narcissism lacks any trace of the mythological substrate. Both Narcissus, who contributed no less than his name to the psychic phenomenon of narcissism, and Ovid, in whose Metamorphoses the most elaborate and effective elaboration of the myth of Narcissus is laid down, form a conspicuous blank space in Freud's 'Introduction to Narcissism'. This article will attempt to explain this lack of tradition and, in addition, discuss the figure of Pygmalion as a productive form of narcissism that can supplement Freud's theory.
Der Beitrag besteht aus Cassins Zitatsammlung, die ihrem Versuch zugrunde liegt, die Psychoanalyse, ausgehend von der antiken, von Aristoteles und Platon gleichermaßen bekämpften Sophistik, zu denken. Dabei werden vor allem die Spuren herausgearbeitet, die die Sophistik im Werk Jacques Lacans hinterlassen hat. In spielerischer Weise wird die Sophistik aus dem Schatten der aristotelischen Metaphysik hervorgeholt und die Psychoanalyse, insbesondere diejenige Lacan'scher Prägung, als radikale Setzung auf die Wirkung des Buchstabens in neuem Licht dargestellt.
'Mut zur Angst' oder 'angstfreies Leben'? : philosophische Überlegungen zu einem bedrohlichen Thema
(2016)
Anlässe, über das Thema 'Angst' nachzudenken, gibt es in diesen Tagen mehr als genug. Weihnachtsmarkt und Karneval sind längst vorbei, aber die Terrorgefahr hat sich in Alltag und Lebenswelt verankert. Vor einiger Zeit galt das Thema 'Angst' noch als überschätzt. Gern wurde auf die sprichwörtliche 'german angst' hingewiesen: Vor 30 Jahren hatten wir Angst vor dem Waldsterben, vor 20 Jahren vor dem Wettrüsten und heute vor der Weltklimakatastrophe. Auf Menschen in Ländern mit weniger komfortablen sozialen Bedingungen kann solch diffuse Ängstlichkeit hysterisch wirken. So etwas ist für distanzierte, wissenschaftliche Beobachter geradezu eine Einladung zur Entdramatisierung. 2014 erschien das Buch 'Gesellschaft der Angst' des Soziologen Heinz Bude. Dieser gefragte Vertreter seiner Zunft zählt allerlei Angstphänomene auf: "Schulängste, Höhenängste, Verarmungsängste […], Abstiegsängste, Bindungsängste, Inflationsängste". Und überhaupt: "Ängste vor der Zukunft […], weil bisher alles so gut geklappt hat". Für Bude sind diese öffentlich beschworenen Ängste "offensichtlich" diffus. Er nimmt die Vogelperspektive der Systemtheorie ein und sieht von konkreten Inhalten der Ängste erst einmal ab. Stattdessen betrachtet er sie als soziales Blutdruckmessgerät. Budes These lautet: Ungerichtete Angstgefühle sind ein probates Mittel, mit dem "sich Gesellschaftsmitglieder über den Zustand ihres Zusammenlebens [verständigen]: Wer weiterkommt und wer zurückbleibt; wo es bricht und wo sich schwarze Löcher auftun, was unweigerlich vergeht und was vielleicht doch noch bleibt". Für solche kollektiven Selbstdiagnosen ist es notwendig, dass die Angstgefühle diffus sind. Sonst könnte man sie nicht wie ein Passepartout auf allerlei Sorgen ganz unterschiedlicher Menschen legen und nicht so gut darüber reden und schreiben.
Das ist eine sozialfunktionalistische Perspektive. Man kann sich der Thematik freilich auch aus anderen methodologischen Perspektiven nähern und fragen, was Angst denn nun eigentlich ist. Philosophen, Soziologen und Psychologen haben hier verschiedene, mitunter gegensätzliche Erklärungen
'THIS ISN'T ME!': the role of age-related self- and user images for robot acceptance by elders
(2020)
Although companion-type robots are already commercially available, little interest has been taken in identifying reasons for inter-individual differences in their acceptance. Elders’ age-related perceptions of both their own self (self-image) and of the general older robot user (user image) could play a relevant role in this context. Since little is known to date about elders’ companion-type robot user image, it is one aim of this study to investigate its age-related facets, concentrating on possibly stigmatizing perceptions of elder robot users. The study also addresses the association between elders’ age-related self-image and robot acceptance: Is the association independent of the user image or not? To investigate these research questions, N = 28 adults aged 63 years and older were introduced to the companion-type robot Pleo. Afterwards, several markers of robot acceptance were assessed. Actual and ideal self- and subjective robot user image were assessed by a study-specific semantic differential on the stereotype dimensions of warmth and competence. Results show that participants tended to stigmatize elder robot users. The self-images were not directly related to robot acceptance, but affected it in the context of the user image. A higher fit between self- and user image was associated with higher perceived usefulness, social acceptance, and intention to use the robot. To conclude, elders’ subjective interpretations of new technologies play a relevant role for their acceptance. Together with elders’ individual self-images, they need to be considered in both robot development and implementation. Future research should consider that associations between user characteristics and robot acceptance by elders can be complex and easily overlooked.
Reading is not only "cold" information processing, but involves affective and aesthetic processes that go far beyond what current models of word recognition, sentence processing, or text comprehension can explain. To investigate such "hot" reading processes, standardized instruments that quantify both psycholinguistic and emotional variables at the sublexical, lexical, inter-, and supralexical levels (e.g., phonological iconicity, word valence, arousal-span, or passage suspense) are necessary. One such instrument, the Berlin Affective Word List (BAWL) has been used in over 50 published studies demonstrating effects of lexical emotional variables on all relevant processing levels (experiential, behavioral, neuronal). In this paper, we first present new data from several BAWL studies. Together, these studies examine various views on affective effects in reading arising from dimensional (e.g., valence) and discrete emotion features (e.g., happiness), or embodied cognition features like smelling. Second, we extend our investigation of the complex issue of affective word processing to words characterized by a mixture of affects. These words entail positive and negative valence, and/or features making them beautiful or ugly. Finally, we discuss tentative neurocognitive models of affective word processing in the light of the present results, raising new issues for future studies.
Erstmalig begrüßen Sie zwei Veranstalter zum Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs). Im Namen der Goethe-Universität und des DIPF heißen wir Sie zum 51. DGPs-Kongress in Frankfurt herzlich willkommen. Unser diesjähriges Motto "Psychologie gestaltet" stellt die Bedeutung der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie für die Bewältigung individueller und gesellschaftlicher Herausforderungen in den Mittelpunkt. Als Forschende haben wir in vielen Bereichen die Möglichkeit, positiv zur Gestaltung menschlichen Lebens und Zusammenlebens beizutragen. In diesem Sinne freuen wir uns auf einen anregenden Kongress, gestaltet durch die rund 2400 wissenschaftlichen Beiträge aus allen Gebieten der Psychologie. ...
Rezension zu: Arno Gruen (2013): Dem Leben entfremdet. Warum wir wieder lernen müssen zu empfinden. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. Ca. 19,95.
Wir verlieren den Sinn für mitmenschliche Gefühle mit gravierenden Konsequenzen für uns selbst, die Gesellschaft und die Politik. Das meint der Psychoanalytiker Arno Gruen in seinem neuen Buch „Dem Leben entfremdet“. Es ist ein eindrücklicher und lebensnaher Anstoß, über uns selbst und unser Verhalten im Alltag nachzudenken.
[Nachruf] Fritz Süllwold
(2010)
[Nachruf] Peter Kutter
(2014)
Rezension zu Gabriel Mages: Die Übertragung bei Jacques Lacan, Turia und Kant, 2017; Bruce Fink: Lacan on Love. An Exploration of Lacan's Seminar VIII, Transference, polity press, 2016; Achim Geisenhanslüke: Die Sprache der Liebe. Figurationen der Übertragung von Platon zu Lacan, Wilhelm Fink, 2016.
Rezension zu Gesine Lenore Schiewer (2014): Studienbuch Emotionsforschung. Theorien - Anwendugsfelder - Perspektiven. Darmstadt: WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), ISBN 978-3-534-26494-0, 216 S.
Die Emotionsforschung spielt in der gegenwärtigen Linguistik eine wichtige Rolle, wovon viele theoretische sowie empirische Studien mit verschiedenartigen Ansatzpunkten zeugen, die die Interdisziplinarität dieser Forschungsrichtung betonen. Die vorliegende Publikation stellt einen wichtigen Beitrag zu dieser Erforschung dar, vor allem wegen ihrer Komplexität und Übersichtlichkeit der theoretischen Ansatzpunkte.
Wolfgang KÖHLER's Monographie über das Verstehen einer Person als eines Individuums ist ein Versuch, den in der Alltagssprache undifferenziert gebrauchten Begriff des Fremdverstehens sowie den des Selbstverstehens, wie er in Aussagen wie "Maria versteht ihren Mann" oder "Ich verstehe mich selbst nicht mehr" vorkommt, durch eine philosophische Reflexion zu differenzieren. Durch diese Reflexion wird gezeigt, dass der Verstehensbegriff auf drei verschiedene Weisen gebraucht wird: mit dem Anspruch eines Wissens, eines Könnens und eines Fühlens. Es ergibt sich, dass das Verstehen der eigenen wie der fremden Person im Sinne eines Wissens eine Ausnahme bildet, zumal dieses Wissen in einer mehr oder weniger poetischen Beschreibung darzustellen ist. Der Normalfall des Verstehens einer Person als eines unverwechselbaren Individuums besteht dagegen in einem Können oder Fühlen – und verdient damit gar nicht, ein "Verstehen" genannt zu werden im Sinne eines Wissens, wer jemand und wer man selbst ist. Das Buch erlaubt es, kritisch zu prüfen, welche hohen Ansprüche an die Versuche zu stellen sind, andere Personen, aber auch sich selbst zu verstehen. KÖHLER bleibt dabei eng an seinem lebensweltlichen Gegenstand und klärt im besten Sinne über das Verstehen von Personen auf.
We tested 6–7-year-olds, 18–22-year-olds, and 67–74-year-olds on an associative memory task that consisted of knowledge-congruent and knowledge-incongruent object–scene pairs that were highly familiar to all age groups. We compared the three age groups on their memory congruency effect (i.e., better memory for knowledge-congruent associations) and on a schema bias score, which measures the participants’ tendency to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors. We found that prior knowledge similarly benefited memory for items encoded in a congruent context in all age groups. However, for associative memory, older adults and, to a lesser extent, children overrelied on their prior knowledge, as indicated by both an enhanced congruency effect and schema bias. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) performed during memory encoding revealed an age-independent memory x congruency interaction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Furthermore, the magnitude of vmPFC recruitment correlated positively with the schema bias. These findings suggest that older adults are most prone to rely on their prior knowledge for episodic memory decisions, but that children can also rely heavily on prior knowledge that they are well acquainted with. Furthermore, the fMRI results suggest that the vmPFC plays a key role in the assimilation of new information into existing knowledge structures across the entire lifespan. vmPFC recruitment leads to better memory for knowledge-congruent information but also to a heightened susceptibility to commit knowledge-congruent memory errors, in particular in children and older adults.
The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD.
Rezension zu: Psychology of Retention:Theory, Research and Practice / Melinde Coetzee, Ingrid L. Potgieter and Nadia Ferreira (Eds.), ISBN:978-3-319-98919-8 Publisher:Springer Nature, 2018, R1600 (Preis SA)
Dual-task paradigms encompass a broad range of approaches to measure cognitive load in instructional settings. As a common characteristic, an additional task is implemented alongside a learning task to capture the individual’s unengaged cognitive capacities during the learning process. Measures to determine these capacities are, for instance, reaction times and interval errors on the additional task, while the performance on the learning task is to be maintained. Opposite to retrospectively applied subjective ratings, the continuous assessment within a dual-task paradigm allows to simultaneously monitor changes in the performance related to previously defined tasks. Following the Cognitive Load Theory, these changes in performance correspond to cognitive changes related to the establishment of permanently existing knowledge structures. Yet the current state of research indicates a clear lack of standardization of dual-task paradigms over study settings and task procedures. Typically, dual-task designs are adapted uniquely for each study, albeit with some similarities across different settings and task procedures. These similarities range from the type of modality to the frequency used for the additional task. This results in a lack of validity and comparability between studies due to arbitrarily chosen patterns of frequency without a sound scientific base, potentially confounding variables, or undecided adaptation potentials for future studies. In this paper, the lack of validity and comparability between dual-task settings will be presented, the current taxonomies compared and the future steps for a better standardization and implementation discussed.
Reducing neuronal size results in less cell membrane and therefore lower input conductance. Smaller neurons are thus more excitable as seen in their voltage responses to current injections in the soma. However, the impact of a neuron’s size and shape on its voltage responses to synaptic activation in dendrites is much less understood. Here we use analytical cable theory to predict voltage responses to distributed synaptic inputs and show that these are entirely independent of dendritic length. For a given synaptic density, a neuron’s response depends only on the average dendritic diameter and its intrinsic conductivity. These results remain true for the entire range of possible dendritic morphologies irrespective of any particular arborisation complexity. Also, spiking models result in morphology invariant numbers of action potentials that encode the percentage of active synapses. Interestingly, in contrast to spike rate, spike times do depend on dendrite morphology. In summary, a neuron’s excitability in response to synaptic inputs is not affected by total dendrite length. It rather provides a homeostatic input-output relation that specialised synapse distributions, local non-linearities in the dendrites and synaptic plasticity can modulate. Our work reveals a new fundamental principle of dendritic constancy that has consequences for the overall computation in neural circuits.
‘The whole is more than the sum of its parts.’ This idea has been brought forward by psychologists such as Max Wertheimer who formulated Gestalt laws that describe our perception. One law is that of collinearity: elements that correspond in their local orientation to their global axis of alignment form a collinear line, compared to a noncollinear line where local and global orientations are orthogonal. Psychophysical studies revealed a perceptual advantage for collinear over non-collinear stimulus context. It was suggested that this behavioral finding could be related to underlying neuronal mechanisms already in the primary visual cortex (V1). Studies have shown that neurons in V1 are linked according to a common fate: cells responding to collinearly aligned contours are predominantly interconnected by anisotropic long-range lateral connections. In the cat, the same holds true for visual interhemispheric connections. In the present study we aimed to test how the perceptual advantage of a collinear line is reflected in the anatomical properties within or between the two primary visual cortices. We applied two neurophysiological methods, electrode and optical recording, and reversibly deactivated the topographically corresponding contralateral region by cooling in eight anesthetized cats. In electrophysiology experiments our results revealed that influences by stimulus context significantly depend on a unit’s orientation preference. Vertical preferring units had on average a higher spike rate for collinear over non-collinear context. Horizontal preferring units showed the opposite result. Optical imaging experiments confirmed these findings for cortical areas assigned to vertical orientation preference. Further, when deactivating the contralateral region the spike rate for horizontal preferring units in the intact hemisphere significantly decreased in response to a collinear stimulus context. Most of the optical imaging experiments revealed a decrease in cortical activity in response to either stimulus context crossing the vertical midline. In conclusion, our results support the notion that modulating influences from stimulus context can be quite variable. We suggest that the kind of influence may depend on a cell’s orientation preference. The perceptual advantage of a collinear line as one of the Gestalt laws proposes is not uniformly represented in the activity of individual cells in V1. However, it is likely that the combined activity of many V1 neurons serves to activate neurons further up the processing stream which eventually leads to the perceptual phenomenon.
"The whole is more than the sum of its parts." This idea has been brought forward by psychologists such as Max Wertheimer who formulated Gestalt laws that describe our perception. One law is that of collinearity: elements that correspond in their local orientation to their global axis of alignment form a collinear line, compared to a noncollinear line where local and global orientations are orthogonal. Psychophysical studies revealed a perceptual advantage for collinear over non-collinear stimulus context. It was suggested that this behavioral finding could be related to underlying neuronal mechanisms already in the primary visual cortex (V1). Studies have shown that neurons in V1 are linked according to a common fate: cells responding to collinearly aligned contours are predominantly interconnected by anisotropic long-range lateral connections. In the cat, the same holds true for visual interhemispheric connections. In the present study we aimed to test how the perceptual advantage of a collinear line is reflected in the anatomical properties within or between the two primary visual cortices. We applied two neurophysiological methods, electrode and optical recording, and reversibly deactivated the topographically corresponding contralateral region by cooling in eight anesthetized cats. In electrophysiology experiments our results revealed that influences by stimulus context significantly depend on a unit’s orientation preference. Vertical preferring units had on average a higher spike rate for collinear over non-collinear context. Horizontal preferring units showed the opposite result. Optical imaging experiments confirmed these findings for cortical areas assigned to vertical orientation preference. Further, when deactivating the contralateral region the spike rate for horizontal preferring units in the intact hemisphere significantly decreased in response to a collinear stimulus context. Most of the optical imaging experiments revealed a decrease in cortical activity in response to either stimulus context crossing the vertical midline. In conclusion, our results support the notion that modulating influences from stimulus context can be quite variable. We suggest that the kind of influence may depend on a cell’s orientation preference. The perceptual advantage of a collinear line as one of the Gestalt laws proposes is not uniformly represented in the activity of individual cells in V1. However, it is likely that the combined activity of many V1 neurons serves to activate neurons further up the processing stream which eventually leads to the perceptual phenomenon.
The human brain achieves visual object recognition through multiple stages of nonlinear transformations operating at a millisecond scale. To predict and explain these rapid transformations, computational neuroscientists employ machine learning modeling techniques. However, state-of-the-art models require massive amounts of data to properly train, and to the present day there is a lack of vast brain datasets which extensively sample the temporal dynamics of visual object recognition. Here we collected a large and rich dataset of high temporal resolution EEG responses to images of objects on a natural background. This dataset includes 10 participants, each with 82,160 trials spanning 16,740 image conditions. Through computational modeling we established the quality of this dataset in five ways. First, we trained linearizing encoding models that successfully synthesized the EEG responses to arbitrary images. Second, we correctly identified the recorded EEG data image conditions in a zero-shot fashion, using EEG synthesized responses to hundreds of thousands of candidate image conditions. Third, we show that both the high number of conditions as well as the trial repetitions of the EEG dataset contribute to the trained models’ prediction accuracy. Fourth, we built encoding models whose predictions well generalize to novel participants. Fifth, we demonstrate full end-to-end training of randomly initialized DNNs that output M/EEG responses for arbitrary input images. We release this dataset as a tool to foster research in visual neuroscience and computer vision.
The human brain achieves visual object recognition through multiple stages of linear and nonlinear transformations operating at a millisecond scale. To predict and explain these rapid transformations, computational neuroscientists employ machine learning modeling techniques. However, state-of-the-art models require massive amounts of data to properly train, and to the present day there is a lack of vast brain datasets which extensively sample the temporal dynamics of visual object recognition. Here we collected a large and rich dataset of high temporal resolution EEG responses to images of objects on a natural background. This dataset includes 10 participants, each with 82,160 trials spanning 16,740 image conditions. Through computational modeling we established the quality of this dataset in five ways. First, we trained linearizing encoding models that successfully synthesized the EEG responses to arbitrary images. Second, we correctly identified the recorded EEG data image conditions in a zero-shot fashion, using EEG synthesized responses to hundreds of thousands of candidate image conditions. Third, we show that both the high number of conditions as well as the trial repetitions of the EEG dataset contribute to the trained models’ prediction accuracy. Fourth, we built encoding models whose predictions well generalize to novel participants. Fifth, we demonstrate full end-to-end training of randomly initialized DNNs that output EEG responses for arbitrary input images. We release this dataset as a tool to foster research in visual neuroscience and computer vision.
The ability to respond appropriately to employees' work-related well-being requires leaders to pay attention to their employees' well-being in the first place. We propose that leaders' stress mindset, that is, the belief that stress is enhancing versus debilitating, may bias their perception of employees' well-being. We further propose that this judgment then influences leaders' intention to engage in or refrain from health-oriented leadership behavior, to express higher performance expectations, or to promote their employees. We expect this process to be stronger if leaders strongly identify with their team, increasing their perceived similarity with their employees. In three experiments (N1 = 198, N2 = 292, N3 = 250), we tested the effect of participants' stress mindset on their intention to show certain leadership behaviors, mediated by their perception of employee well-being (emotional exhaustion, somatic symptoms, work engagement) and moderated by their team identification. Our findings largely support the association between stress mindset and the perception of well-being. The results for the proposed mediation and the moderating function of identification were mixed. Overall, the results emphasize the critical role of leaders' stress mindset and may, thus, improve health promotion in organizations by helping leaders to adequately recognize employees' well-being and respond appropriately.
Synchronized neural activity in the visual cortex is associated with small time delays (up to ~10 ms). The magnitude and direction of these delays depend on stimulus properties. Thus, synchronized neurons produce fast sequences of action potentials, and the order in which units tend to fire within these sequences is stimulusdependent, but not stimulus-locked. In the present thesis, I investigated whether such preferred firing sequences repeat with sufficient accuracy to serve as a neuronal code. To this end, I developed a method for extracting the preferred sequence of firing in a group of neurons from their pair-wise preferred delays, as measured by the offsets of the centre peaks in their cross-correlation histograms. This analysis method was then applied to highly parallel recordings of neuronal spiking activity made in area 17 of anaesthetized cats in response to simple visual stimuli, like drifting gratings and moving bars. Using a measure of effect size, I then analyzed the accuracy with which preferred firing sequences reflected stimulus properties, and found that in the presence of gamma oscillations, the time at which a unit fired in the firing sequence conveyed stimulus information almost as precisely as the firing rate of the same unit. Moreover, the stimulus-dependent changes in firing rates and firing times were largely unrelated, suggesting that the information they carry is not redundant. Thus, despite operating at a time scale of only a few milliseconds, firing sequences have the strong potential to provide a precise neural code that can complement firing rates in the cortical processing of stimulus information.
Following a brief review of current efforts to identify the neuronal correlates of conscious processing (NCCP) an attempt is made to bridge the gap between the material neuronal processes and the immaterial dimensions of subjective experience. It is argued that this "hard problem" of consciousness research cannot be solved by only considering the neuronal underpinnings of cognition. The proposal is that the hard problem can be treated within a naturalistic framework if one considers not only the biological but also the socio-cultural dimensions of evolution. The argument is based on the following premises: perceptions are the result of a constructivist process that depends on priors. This applies both for perceptions of the outer world and the perception of oneself. Social interactions between agents endowed with the cognitive abilities of humans generated immaterial realities, addressed as social or cultural realities. This novel class of realities assumed the role of priors for the perception of oneself and the embedding world. A natural consequence of these extended perceptions is a dualist classification of observables into material and immaterial phenomena nurturing the concept of ontological substance dualism. It is argued that perceptions shaped by socio-cultural priors lead to the construction of a self-model that has both a material and an immaterial dimension. As priors are implicit and not amenable to conscious recollection the perceived immaterial dimension is experienced as veridical and not derivable from material processes—which is the hallmark of the hard problem. These considerations let the hard problem appear as the result of cognitive constructs that are amenable to naturalistic explanations in an evolutionary framework.