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In many languages, a passive-like meaning may be obtained through a noncanonical passive construction. The get passive (1b) in English, the se faire passive (2b) in French and the kriegen passive (3b) in German represent typical manifestations. This squib focuses on the behavior of the get-passive in English and discusses a number of restrictions associated with it as well as the status of get.
Die Datenbank wird auf den Ergebnissen der Analyse einschlägiger umfangreicher Korpora des gesprochenen Deutsch basieren. Um jedoch große Korpora analysieren zu können, ist es notwendig, automatische Analyseverfahren der Variation zu entwickeln. Mit traditionellen manuellen Methoden kann der Aufbau einer korpusbasierten Datenbank kaum verwirklicht werden. Dem eigentlichen Variationsprojekt wurde daher eine kleine Pilotstudie vorgeschaltet, die die Möglichkeiten der automatischen Analyse prüfen sollte. Dabei wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob es möglich ist, regionale Varianten des Deutschen mit Verfahren der automatischen Spracherkennung zu untersuchen, d.h., ob es möglich ist, eine verlässliche Transkription der regionalen Varianten automatisch herzustellen. Diese Pilotstudie zur automatischen Transkription stützte sich auf das im IDS bereits vorhandene System SPRAT (Speech Recognition and Alignment Tool), das zum Alignieren (Text-Ton-Synchronisation) verwendet wird. Im Rahmen der Pilotstudie wurde dieses System modifiziert und in einer Reihe von Tests dessen automatische Transkription evaluiert (vgl. Abschnitt 3). Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, die Ergebnisse dieser Pilotstudie vorzustellen. Zunächst aber soll ein kurzer Exkurs verdeutlichen, um welches System es sich beim IDS-Aligner SPRAT handelt.
The Deep Linguistic Processing with HPSG Initiative (DELH-IN) provides the infrastructure needed to produce open-source semantic transfer-based machine translation systems. We have made available a prototype Japanese-English machine translation system built from existing resources include parsers, generators, bidirectional grammars and a transfer engine.
Articulatory token-to-token variability not only depends on linguistic aspects like the phoneme inventory of a given language but also on speaker specific morphological and motor constraints. As has been noted previously (Perkell (1997), Mooshammer et al. (2004)) , speakers with coronally high "domeshaped" palates exhibit more articulatory variability than speakers with coronally low "flat" palates. One explanation for that is based on perception oriented control by the speaker. The influence of articulatory variation on the cross sectional area and consequently on the acoustics should be greater for flat palates than for domeshaped ones. This should force speakers with flat palates to place their tongue very precisely whereas speakers with domeshaped palates might tolerate a greater variability. A second explanation could be a greater amount of lateral linguo-palatal contact for flat palates holding the tongue in position. In this study both hypotheses were tested.
The semantics of ellipsis
(2005)
There are four phenomena that are particularly troublesome for theories of ellipsis: the existence of sloppy readings when the relevant pronouns cannot possibly be bound; an ellipsis being resolved in such a way that an ellipsis site in the antecedent is not understood in the way it was there; an ellipsis site drawing material from two or more separate antecedents; and ellipsis with no linguistic antecedent. These cases are accounted for by means of a new theory that involves copying syntactically incomplete antecedent material and an analysis of silent VPs and NPs that makes them into higher order definite descriptions that can be bound into.
Focus expressions in Yom
(2005)
This paper investigates the structural properties of morphosyntactically marked focus constructions, focussing on the often neglected non-focal sentence part in African tone languages. Based on new empirical evidence from five Gur and Kwa languages, we claim that these focus expressions have to be analysed as biclausal constructions even though they do not represent clefts containing restrictive relative clauses. First, we relativize the partly overgeneralized assumptions about structural correspondences between the out-of-focus part and relative clauses, and second, we show that our data do in fact support the hypothesis of a clause coordinating pattern as present in clause sequences in narration. It is argued that we deal with a non-accidental, systematic feature and that grammaticalization may conceal such basic narrative structures.
Accusations are a very frequent type of speech act both in everyday life and in formal controversies, and answering accusations is a sophisticated type of linguistic practice well worth analysing from a pragmatic point of view. In my paper I shall first describe some basic properties of accusations and characteristic types of reactions to accusations, i. e. denying the alleged fact, making excuses, and giving justifications. I then go on to describe some fundamental functions of accusations in controversies. Using the basic patterns of accusations and reactions to accusations as an object of comparison, I then analyse some relevant exchanges from historical controversies (l6th to 18th century), among them famous polemical interactions like the Hobbes-Bramhall controversy, but also less well-known debates from the fields of medicine and theology. The present paper is both a contribution to the theory of controversy and to the pragmatic history of controversies. Keywords: historical pragmatics, theory of controversy, ad hominem moves, dynamics of controversy