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Fascial tissues form a ubiquitous network throughout the whole body, which is usually regarded as a passive contributor to biomechanical behavior. We aimed to answer the question, whether fascia may possess the capacity for cellular contraction which, in turn, could play an active role in musculoskeletal mechanics. Human and rat fascial specimens from different body sites were investigated for the presence of myofibroblasts using immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin (n = 31 donors, n = 20 animals). In addition, mechanographic force registrations were performed on isolated rat fascial tissues (n = 8 to n = 18), which had been exposed to pharmacological stimulants. The density of myofibroblasts was increased in the human lumbar fascia in comparison to fasciae from the two other regions examined in this study: fascia lata and plantar fascia [H(2) = 14.0, p < 0.01]. Mechanographic force measurements revealed contractions in response to stimulation by fetal bovine serum, the thromboxane A2 analog U46619, TGF-β1, and mepyramine, while challenge by botulinum toxin type C3–used as a Rho kinase inhibitor– provoked relaxation (p < 0.05). In contrast, fascial tissues were insensitive to angiotensin II and caffeine (p < 0.05). A positive correlation between myofibroblast density and contractile response was found (rs = 0.83, p < 0.001). The hypothetical application of the registered forces to human lumbar tissues predicts a potential impact below the threshold for mechanical spinal stability but strong enough to possibly alter motoneuronal coordination in the lumbar region. It is concluded that tension of myofascial tissue is actively regulated by myofibroblasts with the potential to impact active musculoskeletal dynamics.
Application of blood flow restriction to optimize exercise countermeasures for human space flight
(2019)
In recent years there has been a strong increase in publications on blood flow restriction (BFR) training. In particular, the fact that this type of training requires only low resistance to induce muscle strength and mass gains, makes BFR training interesting for athletes and scientists alike. For the same reason this type of training is particularly interesting for astronauts working out in space. Lower resistance during training would have the advantage of reducing the risk of strain-induced injuries. Furthermore, strength training with lower resistances would have implications for the equipment required for training under microgravity conditions, as significantly lower resistances have to be provided by the training machines. Even though we are only about to understand the effects of blood flow restriction on exercise types other than low-intensity strength training, the available data indicate that BFR of leg muscles is also able to improve the training effects of walking or running at slow speeds. The underlying mechanisms of BFR-induced functional and structural adaptations are still unclear. An essential aspect seems to be the premature fatigue of Type-I muscle fibers, which requires premature recruitment of Type-II muscle fibers to maintain a given force output. Other theories assume that cell swelling, anabolic hormones, myokines and reactive oxygen species are involved in the mediation of BFR training-related effects. This review article is intended to summarize the main advantages and disadvantages, but also the potential risks of such training for astronauts.
The attention control video has been frequently applied to test the ego depletion effect. However, its validity has never been tested, a shortcoming we address in this preregistered study. In the first task, self-control strength was temporarily depleted in the depletion condition (n = 56) but remained intact in the control condition (n = 56). The attention control video served as the secondary task, and we assumed that the depletion condition would perform significantly worse compared to the control condition. Attention regulation was measured with an eye-tracking device. The results revealed that the gaze behavior in the two conditions differed statistically significantly; however, the actual difference was small, indicating that the attention control video may not be an optimal measure of self-control.
Introduction: Musicians often perform in forced postures over a long period of time, which in the worst case may lead to playing-related musculoskeletal disorders. In this context, the ergonomics of the musician's chair (construction and surface quality) can be an influencing factor, with impact on the seating position of the upper body and the pressure distribution of the bottom. Therefore, the relationship between different musician chairs and musicians of different playing levels (professional, amateur or student) was analyzed in order to gain useful insights whether playing experience, playing level, playing style (symmetrical or asymmetrical) or gender have an impact.
Method: The total dataset of 47 musicians (3 playing levels: professional, amateur, student) were analysed on six musician chairs with different ergonomic layout. Sitting on each chair without instrument (condition 1) and with instrument (condition 2), the upper body posture (videorasterstereography) and the seat pressure (load distribution) were recorded.as Also, a subjective assessment concerning constitutional data, sitting behaviour, prevailing pain in the musculoskeletal system, sport activity and chair comfort rating, was completed using a questionnaire.
Results: There were significant differences shown in 6 of 17 variables, where all between and within factors were accounted for with a MANOVA. Two measurements of the upper body posture (scapular distance and scapular height) differentiated between playing level. Four of the pressure measurements (pressure under the sit bone and the thigh for the left and the right side) differentiated between chairs and the two conditions (with and without instrument). Chairs with soft cushioning had a mean pressure reduction of about 30%. The pressure was increased by about 10% while playing an instrument. Subjective rating was correlated to age for some of the chairs.
Discussion: Differences between chairs are mainly associated with the pressure distribution under the sitting surface. Playing with an instrument puts an additional force onto the surface of the chair that is more than the weight of the instrument. No relationship between pressure data and upper body posture data could be found. Therefore, it can be speculated that the intersubject variability is larger than systematic differences introduced by the chair or instrument.
Background: Up to 80% of breast cancer patients suffer from Cancer Related Cognitive Impairments (CRCI). Exercise is suggested as a potential supportive care option to reduce cognitive decline in cancer patients. This study will investigate the effects of a high-intensity interval endurance training (HIIT) on CRCI in breast cancer patients. Potentially underlying immunological and neurobiological mechanisms, as well as effects on patients’ self-perceived cognitive functioning and common cancer related side-effects, will be explored.
Methods: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial will be carried out. The impact of HIIT on CRCI will be compared to that of a placebo-intervention (supervised myofascial release training). Both interventions will be conducted simultaneously with the patients’ first-line chemotherapy treatment typically lasting 12–18 weeks. Fifty-nine women with breast cancer will be included in each of the two groups. The study is powered to detect (α = .05, β = .2) a medium effect size difference between the two groups (d = .5) in terms of patients’ change in cognitive testing performances, from baseline until the end of the exercise-intervention. The cognitive test battery, recommended by the International Cancer and Cognition Task Force to assess CRCI, will be used as primary measure. This includes the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (learning/verbal memory), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (verbal fluency) and the Trail-Making-Test A/B (attention/set-switching). The following endpoints will be assessed as secondary measures: Go-/No-Go test performance (response inhibition), self-perceived cognitive functioning, serum levels of pro- and antiinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, C-reactive protein, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and Interleukin-10), serum levels of neurotrophic and growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor), as well as common cancer-related side effects (decrease in physical capacity, fatigue, anxiety and depression, sleep disturbances, quality of life and chemotherapy compliance).
Discussion: This study will provide data on the question whether HIIT is an effective supportive therapy that alleviates CRCI in breast cancer patients. Moreover, the present study will help shed light on the underlying mechanisms of potential CRCI improving effects of exercise in breast cancer patients.
Trial registration: DRKS.de, German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), ID: DRKS00011390, Registered on 17 January 2018.
Background: Effects of playing high stringed bow instruments on the upper body posture have not been analysed so far. The instrument-specific seating position when playing in an orchestra is compared to the habitual seating position.
Methods: Three dimensional back scans were performed in 13 professional violinists and viola players of a radio orchestra (8 f / 5 m). Trunk position in their habitual seating position and in the instrument- specific seating position imitating playing was compared. Statistical differences were calculated using Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test with Bonferroni Holm correction.
Results: Significant differences were found between the seated position with instrument and without (p < 0.001, 0.03, 0.02 or 0.01) in the spine (trunk length, sagittal trunk decline, lumbar bending angle, maximal rotation, standard deviation rotation, lumbar lordosis), the shoulder (scapula distance, scapula rotation, scapula angle right) and pelvis distance.
Conclusions: Playing an instrument changes the static seating position by increased rotation of the spine and specific shoulder adaptations holding the instrument (left arm) and the bow (right arm), with minor effects on the pelvis. This forced position may result in chronic health effects. The method used in this study is an approach to better understand the involved muscular structures and possible resulting health damages.
Einleitung und Hintergrund: Self-Myofascial-Release (SMR), eine in den letzten Jahren populär gewordene Trainingsform, beschreibt das Training mit sog. Hartschaumrollen oder anderer Hilfsmittel zur Selbstmassage. Mit dem Ziel der Nachahmung einer manuellen Behandlung übt der Trainierende mit dem eigenen Körpergewicht oder etwa einem Massagestick Druck auf das zu behandelnde Gewebe aus und bewegt sich rollend über das Sportgerät. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse deuten auf einen positiven Effekt von SMR auf Parameter der Beweglichkeit sowie der Regeneration hin, die zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen sind bisher allerdings noch unklar. Bezüglich der Beweglichkeitsverbesserung könnten neurophysiologische Veränderungen im Bereich der Dehnwahrnehmung und Dehntoleranz eine Rolle spielen. Auf mechanischer Ebene könnte es analog zum statischen Stretching zu einer akuten Veränderung der viskoelastischen Gewebeeigenschaften kommen. Ebenso werden Effekte von SMR auf Gleiteigenschaften einzelner Faszienschichten postuliert. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Evaluation der Akuteffekte von SMR auf die Beweglichkeit, die passive Gewebespannung und -steifigkeit sowie die Gleitbewegungen einzelner Faszienschichten am vorderen Oberschenkel.
Methodik: Nach Fallzahlplanung durchliefen in einem Cross-Over Studiendesign insgesamt 16 Probanden (w=6, m=10, 32±3 Jahre, 177,6±2,4cm, 78,2±5,2kg) alle der drei folgenden Interventionen in ausbalancierter, randomisierter Reihenfolge: a) 2x60 Sekunden SMR am vorderen Oberschenkel, b) 2x60s passives, statisches Stretching des vorderen Oberschenkels und c) eine passive Kontrollbedingung. Mindestens drei Tage vor Beginn des ersten Messtermins erhielten alle Probanden eine standardisierte Gewöhnungseinheit, in der alle Messungen sowie die SMR Intervention durchgeführt wurden. Die passive Gewebespannung und -steifigkeit bei 13, 9, 5 und 1 Grad vor dem individuellen Bewegungsende sowie die Position der ersten Dehnwahrnehmung wurden mittels isokinetischem Dynamometer (Biodex System 3 Professional), die aktive und passive Kniegelenksbeweglichkeit mittels ultraschallbasiertem 3D-Bewegunsanalysesystem (Zebris CMS20) vor sowie direkt nach der jeweiligen Intervention erhoben. Ebenso wurden Gleitbewegung einzelner Faszienschichten vor und nach der jeweiligen Intervention anhand von Ultraschallvideos (Siemens Acuson X300) und anschließender Cross-Correlation-Analyse berechnet. Die statistische Überprüfung auf Inter- und Intragruppeunterschiede erfolge nach Überprüfung der Anwendungsvoraussetzungen mittels Friedmann-Test und anschließendem post-hoc Wilcoxon-Test oder ANCOVA (Baselinewerte als Covariate) und post-hoc Vergleichen mit geschätzten Randmitteln und zugehörigen 95%-Konfidenzintervallen.
Ergebnisse: Die aktive und passive Gelenkbeweglichkeit verbesserte sich nach SMR im Mittel um 1,8° bzw. 3,4° signifikant. Nach statischen Dehnen war lediglich die Verbesserung der passiven Kniegelenksbeweglichkeit von im Mittel 3,2° signifikant, nach der passiven Kontrolle blieben aktive und passive Beweglichkeit unverändert. Der Winkel der ersten Dehnwahrnehmung vergrößerte sich SMR (+4,3° (1,4°-7,2°)) und Stretching (+6,7° (3,7°-9,6°)), blieb nach Kontrollbedingung jedoch unverändert (+0,3° (-2,5°-3,1°)). Passiver Gewebewiderstand und -steifigkeit veränderten sich nach keiner der Interventionen in keinem getesteten Winkel signifikant. Veränderungen in der Gleitbewegung einzelner Faszienschichten ergaben sich lediglich nach SMR. Die Gleitbewegung der tiefen Schicht gegenüber des Muskels sowie die Gleitbewegung zwischen oberflächlicher und tiefer Schicht verringerten sich nach SMR signifikant zur Baseline (-5,7mm (-11,3mm – -0,1mm) bzw. (-4.9mm (-9.1mm – -0.7mm)).
Diskussion: Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse bestätigen den positiven Einfluss von SMR auf die aktive und passive Beweglichkeit und liefern erste Hinweise bezüglich der zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen. Während biomechanische Parameter wie passive Gewebespannung nach SMR und Stretching unverändert blieben, deuten Veränderungen der Dehnwahrnehmung auf einen Einfluss neurophysiologischer Mechanismen hinsichtlich akuter Effekte auf die Beweglichkeit hin. Die Ausschüttung verschiedener Neurotransmitter wie z.B. Oxytocin könnte Schmerz- und auch Dehnwahrnehmung nach SMR beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen weiter, dass SMR zu einer Veränderung der Gleitbewegung einzelner Bindegewebsschichten am vorderen Oberschenkel führte. Diesbezüglich könnten veränderte thixotrophe Eigenschaften des losen Bindegewebes zwischen Faszie und Muskels sowie Veränderungen des Hydratationsgrades eine Rolle spielen.
Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Studie lassen sich verschiedene Implikationen für die Trainings- und Therapiepraxis ableiten. So eignet sich SMR u.a. als Alternative zu statischen Dehnmethoden zur akuten Verbesserung der Beweglichkeit, zur Veränderung der Dehnwahrnehmung (etwa bei akuten und schmerzhaften Bewegungseinschränkungen) und möglicherweise zur Normalisierung der Gleiteigenschaften einzelner Bindegewebsschichten. Unklar bleiben bisher die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf andere Körperregionen sowie die Effekte von SMR bei Patienten mit strukturellen Bindegewebsveränderungen. Ebenso sind die langfristigen Effekte von SMR bisher unklar und bieten Anschlusspunkte zukünftiger Studien.
In the publication of this article, there are reference errors in four positions the respective references are missing since reference Fischer was omitted. In addition for reference Egli et al. the in text citation only appeared at the end of the paragraph, but not following important statements. This has now been included in this correction. ...
Objective: Classifications of posture deviations are only possible compared with standard values. However, standard values have been published for healthy male adults but not for female adults.
Design: Observational study.
Setting: Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main.
Participants: 106 healthy female volunteers (21–30 years old; 25.1±2.7 years) were included. Their body weight ranged from 46 to 106 kg (60.3±7.9 kg), the heights from 1.53 to 1.82 m (1.69±0.06 m) and the body mass index from 16.9 kg/m² to 37.6 kg/m² (21.1±2.6 kg/m²).
Outcome measures: A three-dimensional back scan was performed to measure the upper back posture in habitual standing. The tolerance ranges and CI were calculated. Group differences were tested by the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: In normal posture, the spinal column was marginally twisted to the left, and the vertebrae were marginally rotated to the right. The kyphosis angle is larger than the lumbar angle. Consequently, a more kyphotic posture is observed in the sagittal plane. The habitual posture is slightly scoliotic with a rotational component (scapular depression right, right scapula marginally more dorsally, high state of pelvic right, iliac right further rotated anteriorly).
Conclusions: Healthy young women have an almost ideally balanced posture with minimal ventral body inclination and a marginal scoliotic deviation. Compared with young males, women show only marginal differences in the upper body posture. These values allow a comparison to other studies, both for control and patient data, and may serve as guideline in both clinical practice and scientific studies.