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Lebensmittelkrisen wie BSE, Schweinepest, Vogelgrippe und der »Gammelfleischskandal« haben das Vertrauen der Verbraucher in den Agrarmarkt erschüttert. Deshalb verwenden Produzenten und Einzelhändler heute mehr Anstrengungen als jemals zuvor darauf, der verunsichernden Anonymität der global organisierten Produktion durch die Herstellung sozialer Nähe entgegenzuwirken. So suggerieren Herkunftszertifi kate für Regionalprodukte sowie eine schnell steigende Zahl von Hygiene-, Sozial- und Umweltstandards Verlässlichkeit aufgrund von geringen räumlichen Distanzen und unabhängiger Kontrolle, während Initiativen wie »Caretrace: Meet the Farmer« dadurch Vertrauen schaffen sollen, dass sich der Konsument im Internet über den individuellen Produzenten informieren kann. Doch die Folgen dieser Umbrüche für Produktionsweisen und Anbauregionen sind bislang nur wenig bekannt.
Vollst. Titel : Riem, Johann: [Physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher] Johann Riem's physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher. - Breßlau : Löwe Zweiter Teil von: Johann Riem's physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher
Wer das zu besprechende Werk von Susan Richter zur Hand nimmt, wird beim Blick in das Inhaltsverzeichnis positiv überrascht. Die überarbeitete Heidelberger Habilitationsschrift erweist sich nämlich nicht nur, wie im Titel angekündigt, als eine Studie "[zur] Verflechtung von Herrschaft und Landwirtschaft in der Aufklärung", sondern auch als ein Buch, das den Blick weit über den europäischen Horizont hinaus richtet: Versucht wird darin, die wichtige Rolle des chinesischen Kaisers und insbesondere des von ihm jährlich durchgeführten Pflugrituals für den physiokratischen und kameralistischen Diskurs herauszuarbeiten. Die Studie verschreibt sich somit einem transfergeschichtlichen Ansatz. Sie untersucht nebst den Schriften und Bildzeugnissen aus dem Umkreis von Kameralisten und Physiokraten auch deren Quellen – Berichte von Reisenden und Experten, vor allem aber die berühmten Jesuitenberichte aus China. ...
Similar to chloroplast loci, mitochondrial markers are frequently used for genotyping, phylogenetic studies, and population genetics, as they are easily amplified due to their multiple copies per cell. In a recent study, it was revealed that the chloroplast offers little variation for this purpose in central European populations of beech. Thus, it was the aim of this study to elucidate, if mitochondrial sequences might offer an alternative, or whether they are similarly conserved in central Europe. For this purpose, a circular mitochondrial genome sequence from the more than 300-year-old beech reference individual Bhaga from the German National Park Kellerwald-Edersee was assembled using long and short reads and compared to an individual from the Jamy Nature Reserve in Poland and a recently published mitochondrial genome from eastern Germany. The mitochondrial genome of Bhaga was 504,730 bp, while the mitochondrial genomes of the other two individuals were 15 bases shorter, due to seven indel locations, with four having more bases in Bhaga and three locations having one base less in Bhaga. In addition, 19 SNP locations were found, none of which were inside genes. In these SNP locations, 17 bases were different in Bhaga, as compared to the other two genomes, while 2 SNP locations had the same base in Bhaga and the Polish individual. While these figures are slightly higher than for the chloroplast genome, the comparison confirms the low degree of genetic divergence in organelle DNA of beech in central Europe, suggesting the colonisation from a common gene pool after the Weichsel Glaciation. The mitochondrial genome might have limited use for population studies in central Europe, but once mitochondrial genomes from glacial refugia become available, it might be suitable to pinpoint the origin of migration for the re-colonising beech population.
Vegetation responds to drought through a complex interplay of plant hydraulic mechanisms, posing challenges for model development and parameterization. We present a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of leaf water-potential over time while considering different strategies by which plant species regulate their water-potentials. The model has two parameters: the parameter λ describing the adjustment of the leaf water potential to changes in soil water potential, and the parameter Δψww describing the typical ‘well-watered’ leaf water potentials at non-stressed (near-zero) levels of soil water potential. Our model was tested and calibrated on 110 time-series datasets containing the leaf- and soil water potentials of 66 species under drought and non-drought conditions. Our model successfully reproduces the measured leaf water potentials over time based on three different regulation strategies under drought. We found that three parameter sets derived from the measurement data reproduced the dynamics of 53% of an drought dataset, and 52% of a control dataset [root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.5 MPa)]. We conclude that, instead of quantifying water-potential-regulation of different plant species by complex modeling approaches, a small set of parameters may be sufficient to describe the water potential regulation behavior for large-scale modeling. Thus, our approach paves the way for a parsimonious representation of the full spectrum of plant hydraulic responses to drought in dynamic vegetation models.
The leaf beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), (D.v.v.), also called the western corn rootworm, is endemic to the New World and ranks among the top ten insect pests in worldwide grain production. D.v.v. causes annual damages of 1 billion US Dollars and is a notoriously difficult insect pest to control and manage, as entomological history of the past 50 years amply demonstrates (METCALF 1986). Considering recent emphasis on environmentally compatible and sustainable management strategies, entomologists and practitioners are encouraged to pay increased attention to novel approaches such as biotechnial methods which today are characterized by preferential use of signal compounds. Fortunately, both insect and plants provide a wide variety of such natural resources. In the case of D.v.v., sex pheromonesand plant kairomones as specific attractants and management tools are relatively well investigated through numerous contributions by GUSS et al. (1982), METCALF & METCALF (1992), METCALF (1994) and many recent publications on the advance and spread of D.v.v. within Europe (BERGER 1995-2004, HUMMEL 2003). Principle of MSD method: In this paper, the plant kairomone 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA), a specific attractant for D.v.v., is being used as a tool within the newly proposed "MSD" strategy. It combines a two pronge approach consisting as the well known mass trapping with the novel shielding and deflecting, called in short "diversion" and introduced here for the first time. An invisible “curtain” or “fence” of MCA vapor released from a MCA trap line establishes a behavioral barrier which the flying beetles cannot easily pass without being 1. either caught in one of the high capacity traps or 2. being diverted elsewhere. The net effect is a significant reduction in adult population density and oviposition within the MCA treated field as compared to an untreated control field. These effects can be experimentally measured by 1. adult beetle counts on maize plants, 2. by counts in independent monitoring traps baited with the D.v.v. sex pheromone, and 3. by egg counts taken in soil samples.
Making agriculture sustainable is a global challenge. In the European Union (EU), the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is failing with respect to biodiversity, climate, soil, land degradation as well as socio‐economic challenges.
The European Commission's proposal for a CAP post‐2020 provides a scope for enhanced sustainability. However, it also allows Member States to choose low‐ambition implementation pathways. It therefore remains essential to address citizens' demands for sustainable agriculture and rectify systemic weaknesses in the CAP, using the full breadth of available scientific evidence and knowledge.
Concerned about current attempts to dilute the environmental ambition of the future CAP, and the lack of concrete proposals for improving the CAP in the draft of the European Green Deal, we call on the European Parliament, Council and Commission to adopt 10 urgent action points for delivering sustainable food production, biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation.
Knowledge is available to help moving towards evidence‐based, sustainable European agriculture that can benefit people, nature and their joint futures.
The statements made in this article have the broad support of the scientific community, as expressed by above 3,600 signatories to the preprint version of this manuscript. The list can be found here (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3685632).
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Agro-technology
(2001)
Allgemeine Züchtungslehre
(1920)
Vollst. Titel : Bienen-Calender, oder vernünftige und practische Handleitung, wornach durchs ganze Jahr die Zucht in Körben insonderheit, der Natur der Bienen gemäß, ohnumgänglich und vordersamst herzurichten ist, wenn man anders wahren Nuzen von derselben erhalten und sodann den vernünftigen Weg der Kunst betretten will, als eine nähere Erläuterung des Entwurfs zur vollkommensten Bienen-Pflege : samt der Fränkischen physicalischen Bienen-Gesellschafft Einrichtung, Ordnung und Namen aller dreien Classen / nach gemeinsamen Rath und mit Genehmigung der Fränkischen Gesellschafft hrsg. von dem Autor des Entwurfs zur vollkommensten Bienen-Pflege [i.e. Johann Leonhard Eyrich] ; Titelhinweise: Bildet Erl. zu--> Fränkisch-Physicalisch-Ökonomische Bienengesellschaft : Vernunft- und erfahrungsmäßiger Entwurf zur vollkommensten Bienenpflege