Journal of religious culture = Journal für Religionskultur
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Institute
95
Methodology and Objects: Methodologically, from a diachronic linguistics perspective regarding the concept of the shin, spirits in folk belief in China and neighbouring cultures, we compare texts that comprise meanings a) historically in the local language and b) compared to the meanings of equivalent terms in languages of other cultures. Comparing sources of this belief, we examine if and how the shin belief can serve as an example of communication across cultural borders including practical forms of worshipping. Argumentation: We argue that the concept of the shin is across cultural and national borders a result from folk culture transcending political or cultural borders transmitted via migration of ethnic groups. Although similar, mind concepts of different cultures and groups never melted; evidence for this independence gives the Islamic distinctive separation between shin and jinn in this area in the Chinese Quran and other spiritual Chinese writings. On the other hand, the practice of worshipping is similar. Conclusions: A spiritual concept like shin varies in practice in different areas. Central Asia as the melting pot of Chinese and Middle East culture shows the cultural practice of Shamanism with shin belief, complex mind concepts like in Daoism, and religions incorporating shin belief (Islam). Observed changes in the particular local languages show the continuity of the local set of meanings. Multilingual and multicultural areas such as Central Asia rather integrate new words to increase their thesaurus with new meanings than to change the set of previous existing meanings in the languages. Arabic as a language of conquerors in Central Asia is a typical example for such a language that serves as a tool to set up new meanings.
94
There is no question about charity in Islam: Allah himself has ordered almsgiv-ing: "Narrated Anas bin Malik: … The man further said, 'I ask you by Allah. Has Allah ordered you to take zakat from our rich people and distribute it amongst our poor people?' The Prophet replied, 'By Allah, yes'." The fundamental relevance of Islamic charity, zakat and sadaqa3, roots in the Muslim understanding of God. According to the proper message of Mohammed the first and primary name and quality of God is rahman and rahim4. Allah is - so to speak – rahman, the life giving uterus, rahim. Like the uterus he gives life to the men without any pre-condition. Life is a gift free of charge not a reward for something. ...
93
Bekanntlich ist zumindest in territorialer Hinsicht Kaiser Napoleon I. ein "Kirchenvater" nicht nur der Evangelischen Kirche in Hessen und Nassau. Seine Neuordnung der Landkarte Deutschlands hatte auch erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Religionskultur - bis hin zur Kirchenmusik! Als das Kasseler Konsistorium sich von dem Hanauer Konsistorium je ein Exemplar der in seinem Bezirk gebräuchlichen Gesangbücher erbat, erhielt es von Hanau am 15.8.1837 die Antwort, "daß in der hiesigen Provinz [der 1736 an Hessen-Kassel gefallenen Grafschaft/Fürstentum Hanau-Münzenberg] 12 Gesangbücher bestehen, von deren jedem ein Exemplar zu verschaffen deswegen schwierig sei, weil in den Gemeinden selbst ein solches kaum zu entbehren ist".
92
Die Freiheit des Einzelnen und die Religion der Freiheit als Bedingungen interreligiöser Konvivenz
(2007)
Das Zusammenleben von Menschen unterschiedlicher religiöser Überzeugung und Praxis wirft zunächst die Frage auf, wer das primäre Subjekt dieser Über-zeugung und Praxis ist. Im interreligiösen Dialog oder Kampf wird in der Regel darunter ein religiöses Kollektiv verstanden, sei es nun real oder bloß virtuell organisiert, sei es z.B. die reale Organisation 'Katholische Kirche' oder die virtuelle Gemeinde der 'Sunni-ten', jedenfalls eine Menge von Menschen, die auf eine gemeinsame Lehre und Praxis, auf eine gemeinsame Religionskultur bezogen sind. Die Vorstellung, daß Religionskollektive die eigentlichen religiösen Subjekte seien und daher auch berufen, für die Religionskulturen verbindlich zu sprechen und zu handeln, ist jedoch nichts anderes als eine kollektivistische Gewaltideo-logie. Sie stellt den Versuch dar, das moderne Individuum, das seit 200 Jahren angehalten ist, seine Belange in die eigenen Hände zu nehmen, den anachronis-tischen Herrschafts- und Konsumbedürfnissen von abstrakten Kollektiven zu unterwerfen.
91
Our earth, which is a tiny in the infinity of the universe, is getting to be a difficult place to live in. Environmental problems such as pollution and global warming on one side and various disagreements and wars in every corner of the world on the other side, make most of the people unhappy and cause suffering. Everybody living in this world regardless of his or her ethnicity or religion has got share of responsibility to make this earth a place to live in peace and tranquillity. Within this framework, the most important thing in the world is that people with different languages and religious denominations should understand each other better to achieve the goal of creating more secure and peaceful environment for humanity. To make a contribution to this endeavour the Qur’anic guidelines which appear to open a sound way and strengthen the ground of a dialogue between celestial religions should be elucidated.
90
This article examines the narratives with regard to lifting the boycott decisions imposed upon the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. There are basically two narratives about this event. While the first one relies on more accurate knowledge, the other contains a speculative scenario. However, since these two narratives were mixed with each other in time, some contradictory information was narrated, especially information based on a speculative scenario became most popular among the people. At the end, it is understood that the document that included the decisions of boycott was not destroyed in a mysterious way, but torn by a group of people.
89
Almost two thousand years ago the question was asked, "And who is my neighbor?", and Jesus answered it with the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10. 29-37), and so the idea of charity was inseparably linked with Christianity. However, it is almost a common opinion that Western Christianity and Russian Orthodoxy have quite different approaches to this item. According to that opinion, the Catholic Church had more concern about one's bodily needs and explicit welfare, while the Russian Orthodoxy paid less attention to the ''explicit man" and took more care of "the inner man". The Russian Orthodox tradition - though it has its own method in ascetism, apotheosis, general and private prayer - pays too little attention to the needy and deprived members of society. To raise the question about mollification of the deprived people's torments and to see it as a way towards the Kingdom of God seems alien to the very essence of Russian Orthodoxy. Did the Russian Orthodox Church ever refuse to help beggars and cripples? Or do the facts still show another picture? Since when did Russian Orthodox Church start to neglect that task? Which reasons have proved that charity has been unable to flourish in the Orthodox Church and especially Russian Orthodox Church as flourished her spirituality and arts: icon painting, choral singing, and church architecture? Let us have a brief outlook on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church and find out if there are any reasons to explain the reason.
88
After years and years of persecution, we can say that the continuing and all-embracing revival of church life of the Russian Orthodox Church is going on and the general tendency to the development of all aspects of her diocese, parish and social activities is becoming more and more vivid. There have been some most important events – landmarks of starting the new epoch of Russian Orthodox Church: 1988 – Celebration of the Festival of Thousand Years of Baptizing Rus. 2000 – The Archpriests Council: Canonization of the Tsarist Family of Nicolas II; Attitude to the other Christian Confessions; Social Doctrine of the Russian Orthodox Church. There are 128 dioceses now (instead of 67 ones in 1989) and 19000 parishes (instead of 689 ones in 1989) in the canonical territory of the Russian Orthodox Church. ...
87
Es besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass die einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der islamischen Gesellschaft die Gelehrten des Islam waren. Die Verhaltensweise dieser Persönlichkeiten war für die Individuen der Gesellschaft wegweisend. Die Gesellschaft strukturierte ihre Verhaltensnormen entsprechend der Haltung dieser Personen, und entsprechend der von ihnen gegebenen Fatwas (Rechtsentscheidungen). Dieser Umstand nahm seinen Platz proportional zur Steigerung oder Minderung der gesellschaftlichen Stellung und des Wertes der Gelehrten des Islam auf der Bühne der Geschichte ein. Imam Malik war einer der herausragenden Personen, die zu ihren Lebzeiten wichtige Einflüsse auf die Gesellschaft ausgeübt haben. Dieser Artikel versucht die Beziehung des Imam Malik zu den politischen Autoritäten, sowie die gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen dieser Beziehungsform zu behandeln. Da Imam Malik in der Zeit der Umayyaden zu den politischen Autoritäten kaum Kontakt hatte, wird der Artikel nach einem kurzen Ausblick in diesen Zeitabschnitt sich auf die Zeit der Abbasiden konzentrieren.