Arbeitspapier / Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Köln
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N.F. 39
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung des Phänomens "Agrammatismus" für die deutsche Sprache. Den Kernbereich der Studie bildet die Analyse eines Fallbeispiels. Wegen der variablen Erscheinungsformen des Agrammatismus (z.B. Saffran 1982, Miceli et al. 1989, Nespoulous & Dordain 1991, Fromkin 1995) werden Gruppenstudien in der jüngeren Forschung weitgehend abgelehnt (z.B. Seewald 1998: 62, Tyler 1987: 161). Mit der Analyse eines Einzelfalls soll der daraus resultierenden Forderung nach weiteren Einzelfallstudien entsprochen werden (Tesak 1990: 18, Tesak 1991: 177). In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen besonders sprachspezifische Fehlermuster herausgearbeitet werden, wie sie in sprachvergleichenden Studien nachgewiesen werden konnten (z.B. Kehayia 1991, Lorch 1986, Menn & Obler 1990). Diese zeigen sich nach Menn & Obler (1990: 1370ff.) hauptsächlich in der Verteilung von Auslassungen und Substitutionen auf freie und gebundene Morpheme (siehe Kap. 1.2.1., S. 5). Die deutsche Sprache verfügt über die Möglichkeit, grammatische Funktionen bzw. grammatische Relationen sowohl durch freie als auch durch gebundene Morpheme zu realisieren (Comrie 1987: 111-137). Deshalb ist sie besonders geeignet, die beobachteten Abhängigkeiten zwischen Fehlermustern und Grammatik zu überprüfen. Als theoretische Grundlage für die Analyse der agrammatischen Sprache werden in Kap. I nach einer einführenden Begriffsdefinition (Kap. 1.1.) die Symptome des Agrammatismus im einzelnen dargestellt (Kap. 1.2.). Dabei stehen sowohl die bis heute dokumentierten Leistungsdissoziationen als auch sprachspezifische Fehlermuster zur Diskussion. Anschließend werden die aus der Variabilität der agrammatischen Erscheinungsformen resultierenden unterschiedlichen Erklärungsansätze zum zugrundeliegenden Defizit erläutert (Kap. 1.3 .). Die aus dem aktuellen Forschungsstand abzuleitenden Fragestellungen (Kap. 1.4.) bilden die Basis für die in Kap. 2. folgende Analyse des Fallbeispiels. Bei der Entwicklung der Fragestellungen werden neben sprachspezifischen Merkmalen des Agrammatismus im Deutschen die Eigenschaften berücksichtigt, die in der Literatur allgemein kontrovers diskutiert werden. In Kap. 3 erfolgt abschließend eine zusammenfassende Diskussion der Ergebnisse, die eine Einordnung der Fallstudie in den aktuellen Forschungsstand enthält, sowie einen wertenden Vergleich der aus der Einzelfallanalyse gewonnenen Daten mit den m Kap. 1.3. vorgestellten Erklärungsansätzen für die zugrundeliegende Störung.
N.F. 41
The two papers included in this volume have developed from work with the CHILDES tools and the Media Editor in the two research projects, "Second language acquisition of German by Russian learners", sponsored by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, from 1998 to 1999 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Wolfgang Klein, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) and "The age factor in the acquisition of German as a second language", sponsored by the German Science Foundation (DFG), Bonn, since 2000 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Christine Dimroth, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen). The CHILDES Project has been developed and is being continuously improved at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, under the supervision of Brian MacWhinney. Having used the CHILDES tools for more than ten years for transcribing and analyzing Greek child data there it was no question that I would also use them for research into the acquisition of German as a second language and analyze the big amount of spontaneous speech gathered from two Russian girls with the help of the CLAN programs. When in the spring of 1997, Steven Gillis from the University of Antwerp (in collaboration with Gert Durieux) developed a lexicon-based automatic coding system based on the CLAN program MOR and suitable for coding languages with richer morphologies than English, such as Modern Greek. Coding huge amounts of data then became much quicker and more comfortable so that I decided to adopt this system for German as well. The paper "Working with the CHILDES Tools" is based on two earlier manuscripts which have grown out of my research on Greek child language and the many CHILDES workshops taught in Germany, Greece, Portugal, and Brazil over the years. Its contents have now been adapted to the requirements of research into the acquisition of German as a second language and for use on Windows.
N.F. 40
It has become commonplace to introduce works on aspect with the remark that there is hardly another field in linguistics so much plagued by terminological and notional confusion. [..] About 20 major books claiming a comprehensive treatment have come to my attention during little more than the past half decade […]. Among these books are five that form the subject of this paper in a narrower sense, given that the present article originally started out as a combined review of these five works: […] Even if one is not at all keen on monocultures, it is clear that the obvious disunity in fundamental points of view makes the situation increasingly difficult for the "ordinary working linguist". It is getting impossible to keep up with the many different issues raised in the theoretical literature when, for instance, writing a chapter on aspect for a descriptive grammar of a language. As a result, a tremendous gap between descriptive and theoretical work has arisen. This has not gone unnoticed in the literature. There are several recent publications in which explicit attempts are made to bridge this gap […], all of them trying to add a typological perspective to aspect theory and to free it from its purely truth-conditional embedding, which was the dominant paradigm in the 70ies and 80ies. But again, these works are often themselves cast into specific theoretical frameworks, more often than not ignoring other approaches to the field if they do not fit their persuasions. I will therefore avail myself of the opportunity of this review article by briefly sorting out the differences in the fundamental assumptions and theoretical primitives of the various approaches, in order to come to grips with the aspectological landscape. A general, chiefly historically oriented assessment is presented in the first part of this paper (see section 1). The second part is then devoted to a detailed discussion of the books under review against the background etablished in this survey (see section 2). At the end, I will try to draw some conclusions and hint at some directions for future work with aspect in a descriptive and/or typological context (see section 3).
N. F. 41/1
MED (Media EDitor) is a program designed to facilitate the transcription of digitized soundfiles into textfiles. It was written by Hans Drexler and Daan Broeder, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. [...] The aim of MED is to facilitate the transcription of sound into text using a single program. It works on the principle of the coexistence and interaction of two basic elements, the waveform display window and the text window. [...] This means that you no longer need to use both a sound editor and a word processor at the same time in order to transcribe digitized speech files. Instead, you can directly type the sound you hear (and see) via MED into the text window. Furthermore, you can directly link sound portions of the waveform display window to text portions of the text window, so that you can easily locate and listen to the original source of your transcription once the links have been set. In this function the waveform display window and the text window virtually interact with each other.
N.F. 41/2
The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) consists of Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT), Computerized Language Analysis (CLAN), and a database. There is also an online manual which includes the CHILDES bibliography, the database, and the CHAT conventions as well as the CLAN instructions. The first three parts of this paper concern the CHAT format of transcription, grammatical coding, and analyzing transcripts by using the CLAN programs. The fourth part shows examples of transcribed and coded data.