Archive for Bryology
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119
Parson’s valley is an area explored for the first time in Indian Bryology; it is situated in Nilgiri hills (Western Ghats). The region is very conducive for the growth of liverworts and it is evident by the present study of recent collections from this area in which 27 taxa (under 12 genera and 5 families) of liverworts have been recorded, of which few are new to Nilgiri hills as well as south India.
120
The development of and the changes in the classification of bryophytes are shown over the last two centuries. It is shown that, except for an early period, the bryophyte system was never totally revised but was always only slightly improved, in which the ideas of a bryophyte system has undergone some kind of evolution but was never drastically changed. Neither the evolution theory in the last century nor the results of cytology, phytochemistry, computerbased studies or genetics in this century had drastically altered the bryophyte system. The reasons for the never totally changed but always slightly improved classification of bryophytes seem to be that recognition of systematic units is based on certain principles such as hierachical classification, types and algorithms of comparison. Therefore it is postulated that no general changes in the classification of bryophytes are to be expected in the future.
121
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) are the most basal lineages among extant land plants. However, there is controversy regarding their monophyletic or paraphyletic origin. Moreover, the most basal group of bryophytes also remains questionable. Due to this it is a matter of debate which lineage of bryophytes acts as transition link between bryophytes and pteridophytes. In order to resolve these issues we conducted a bioinformatics analysis on available chloroplast genomes of 1 green alga, 5 bryophytes, 4 pteridophytes, and 6 gymnosperms. Our study is based on multiple genome analysis through whole proteome comparison. The higher number of orthologous identified in Anthoceros (a hornwort), in comparison to other bryophytes considered, against all pteridophytes strongly support hornworts as transition link between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
122
Since the existence of Nilgiri hills, bryophyte- the miniatures of plant kingdom play an important and crucial role in the stabilization of Blue Mountains ecology. Unlike Himalayas, the landslides were rare in the area, but with the time and changing global environment it had become a common sight. Significantly ever increasing population and vehicular traffic is the prime reason for them, to cater the need, roads are periodically broadened by cutting road sides destroying the habitat as also the inhabiting species. Bryophytes, are efficient soil binders that regulate the soil moisture and provide substrate for future plant succession. The habitat loss and nudeness of substratum gives impetus to rapid soil erosion that further enhances the problem of their very survival. The present communication provides significance of these avascular cryptogams in environmental assessment, ecological balance and their role in decreasing the pore pressure to check land slides.
123
The Chocó region in Colombia is one of the wettest rainforests regions in the world. Isolated for about 3 million years, it is known for its high rate of endemism in flowering plants, ferns, birds and butterflies. Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) of this region, however, were very unsufficiently known. For this reason, a first survey of the bryoflora of the Chocó region was made in 1992 along a transect from sea level to 1800 m elevation. Apparently because of the high precipitation with up to 12 m annual rainfall, terrestrial species were found growing on bark or corticolous species on leaves. The cover of epiphytic bryophytes is higher than elsewhere, especially in the lowland forest which shows usually a low bryophyte cover. The percentage of mosses compared with that of liverworts is much lower than elsewhere. Mosses form only about 10% of the bryophyte cover in contrast to 40-50% in the according elevation in other rain forest regions.
124
Manche besonders artenreiche Lokalitäten mit seltenen Arten wurden von Bryologen über die Jahrhunderte immer wieder aufgesucht. Die dort gefundenen Arten haben auch Eingang in lokale Florenwerke gefunden. Am Nordrand des Sauerlandes in Nordrhein-Westfalen liegen eine ganze Reihe von solchen hot spots wie der Ramsbecker Wasserfall, die Meilerlegge bei Ostwig, die Velmedahöhle oder die Bruchhauser Steine. Will man sich aber über das Arteninventar eines solcher Gebiete orientieren, vermisst man zumindestens zusammenfassende Artenlisten wenn nicht gar Gebietsmonographien. Da hilft es nur, die Floren durchzusehen und die Arten herauszuziehen, in diesem Fall die Mooflora von Westfalen (Koppe 1935-49. Die Nachträge sind nicht mehr so interessant, da darin nur Kleinarten und unwesentliche Nefunde hinzukommen, die Funde sensationeller Arten aber bereits schon im 19. Jahrhundert gemacht wurden). Dabei reicht es, wenn das einmal gemacht wird und nicht jeder, der solch ein Gebiet besuchen möchte, diese Arbeit von neuem leisten muss. Es gibt sicherlich fähigere Bryologen als den Autor, welche die Gebiete besser kennen, was aber nichts nutzt, wenn dieses Wissen in den Köpfen schlummert und nicht verfügbar ist. Daher sind an dieser Stelle solche Artenlisten für einige solcher Gebiete am Nordrand des Sauerlandes zusammengestellt, die der Autor sich für eine Exkursion im Herbst 2011 erstellt hat. Hier haben wir besondere Voraussetzungen für ein Artenreichtum: das Gebiet bist geologisch sehr divers. Das Grundgebirge besteht aus devonischen Schiefern, das ganze Gebiet wird aber von einem schmalen Kalkriff durchzogen, und zusätzlich gibt es plutonitische Intrusionen von Diabas und Quarzporphyr. Mit Höhen von um 450 m haben wir zudem schon entsprechende Niederschläge und Feuchtigkeit. Daher wurde das Gebiet schon frühzeitig von Bryologen besucht, angefangen von H. Müller Lippstadt über Winter, Grebe, Brockhausen, Mönkemeyer bis zu den Gebrüdern Koppe. In letzter Zeit war die Moosflora der Massenkalkfelsen des nördlichen Sauerlandes Thema der Dissertation von Carsten Schmidt (2004), von dem der erste Teil in Buchform veröffentlicht ist. Das Buch ist aber nach Arten gegliedert, lässt somit auch die hier gewünschten Gebietsbeschreibungen vermissen, die man gerne hätte, wenn man solch eine Lokalität aufsucht.
125
Plants variable in size and appearence, from a few mm to more than 10 cm tall, in loose to dense tufts. Stems erect, simple, rarely branched, radiculose, sometimes densely tomentose; rhizoids reddish-brown to whitish. Leaves erect-patent, sometimes curled when dry or falcate (sometimes erect and falcate expressions in the same species), short to longly lanceolate, often subulate; margins entire or serrate at leaf tips; costa single, percurrent to short excurrent, sometimes hyaline excurrent, filling 1/6 to 4/5 of leaf width, in transverse-section with median deuter cells and dorsal stereids, rarely hyalocysts, ventrally either stereids or more rarely hyalocysts; laminal cells usually smooth, occasionally bulging mammillose, cell walls smooth; alar cells differentiated or not, when distinct, hyaline or reddish brown, inflated, thin-walled or incrassate, basal laminal cells mostly rectangular, thin-walled or incrassate, occasionally pitted, upper laminal cells quadrate to rectangular or oval, leaf border present in some taxa. Vegetative propagation by microphyllous branches, deciduous leaves or stem tips, or anisophyllous brood leaves in the axils of the upper leaves. Dioicous or autoicous. Perichaetia terminal, or occasionally pseudolateral by stem innovations, perichaetial leaves often different in shape, from sheathing base subulate. Seta mostly elongate (1-4 cm), rarely short (<1 cm) or almost absent, erect, in few genera flexuose, cygneously curved and twisted. Capsule immersed to more commonly exserted, inclined to suberect or erect, symmetric to asymmetric, short long-cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical or ovoid,, smooth or furrowed when dry and empty; stomata present or absent; annulus present or absent. Operculum conical to long-rostrate. Peristome single, teeth 16, mostly divided 1/2 or more toward base, vertically striate below, distally papillose to papillose throughout. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, base entire or ciliate. Spores almost smooth to coarsely papillose.
126
Der Ursprung alpiner Moosarten in Europa ist nicht genau bekannt. Zur Klärung werden Hypothesen älterer Bryologen wie Herzog oder Gams diskutiert. Die Gruppe der alpinen Arten ist inhomogen und besteht aus wenigen alpinen Endemiten, deren Ursprung im Dunkeln liegt. Da sie sich kaum nach dem Rückgang des Eises innerhalb 10.000 Jahren gebildet haben dürften, könnte es sich um Arten handeln, die noch in anderen Teilen der Welt vorkommen. Die meisten Arten gehören sind arktisch-alpin verbreitet. Für sie werden drei Hypothesen diskutiert. Ein größerer Teil von Arten gehört zu weltweit verbreiteten Oreophyten, die z.B. auch im Himalaya und zum Teil in den tropischen Hochgebirgen vorkommen. Sie können nur durch Fernverbreitung in die Alpen gelangt sein.
127
Germinating tests with bryophytes were undertaken with three moss species and two hepatic species. For the first time these tests were performed with aquaceous extracts of bryophytes in contrast to previous studies in which seeds were directly placed on moist bryophytes. First tests showed an inhibition of the germination rate in 3 species but an increase of the germination in one species. A second study revealed that aquaceous as well as alcoholic extracts in high concentrations inhibited the growth of cress, highly diluted extracts promoted the growth. Other authors found either only germination promoting effects or both, promoting and inhibiting effects. Experiments with compounds extracted from bryophytes cited in the literature had only growth inhibiting effects. Brachythecium rutabulum revealed growth inhibiting effects in a previous but growth promoting effects in this study. The conflicting results are hard to explain and should stimulate further more detailed studies. They maybe due to various combinations of different concentrations of bryophyte extracts, different bryophyte species, different pH and different seeds but also contamination by dust, soil, bacteria and fungi .
128
Die Protonemablätter von Tetraphis pellucida werden beschrieben und illustriert. Sie ähneln Farn-Prothallium und werden in Literatur und Moosflora weitgehend ignoriert. Bruträume wurden erstmals an den Rändern von Protonemablätter beobachtet. Die besser bekannte Präsenz von Protonemablätter der Gattung Tetrodontium zeigt, dass diese Charakteristik wesentlich für Tetraphididae ist.