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Se presenta una base de datos taxonómica y distribucional de los moluscos marinos, telTestres y dulceacuícolas de Chile continental e insular. Se ha descrito para Chile un total de 1.288 especies, incluidas en 236 familias. Estas especies representan alrededor del 1,8% de la fauna mundial conocida de moluscos recientes (en total unas 70.000 especies). Los gmpos más diversificados son Gastropoda (882 especies) y Bivalvia (233 especies). Del total, 1.070 son marinas, 132 terrestres y 83 de ambientes dulceacuiolas. Del total de especies, 13 son introducidas (terrestres: Milax gagates, Demceras laeve, D. reticulatum, Limax (Lehmannia) valentianus, L. (Limax)flavus, L. (L.) maximus, Oxychilus (Oxychilus) cellarius, O. (Ortizius) alliarius and Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa: marinas: Crassostrea gigas, Pecten mllximus, Haliotis rufescens y H. mimus) y 49 poseen importancia económica. Aun cuando las primeras referencias sobre moluscos chilenos datan de comienzos del siglo XVIII, se los conoce principalmente a través de los resultados de las expediciones oceanográficas de fines del siglo XIX y principios de éste.
The large number of species still to be discovered in fungi, together with an exponentially growing number of environmental sequences that cannot be linked to known taxa, has fuelled the idea that it might be necessary to formally name fungi on the basis of sequence data only. Here we object to this idea due to several shortcomings of the approach, ranging from concerns regarding reproducibility and the violation of general scientific principles to ethical issues. We come to the conclusion that sequence-based nomenclature is potentially harmful for mycology as a discipline. Additionally, a classification based on sequences as types is not within reach anytime soon, because there is a lack of consensus regarding common standards due to the fast pace at which sequencing technologies develop.
Thirty-seven alien plant species, pre-identified by horizon scanning exercises were prioritised for pest risk analysis (PRA) using a modified version of the EPPO Prioritisation Process designed to be compliant with the EU Regulation 1143/2014. In Stage 1, species were categorised into one of four lists – a Residual List, EU List of Minor Concern, EU Observation List and the EU List of Invasive Alien Plants. Only those species included in the latter proceeded to the risk management stage where their priority for PRA was assessed. Due to medium or high spread potential coupled with high impacts twenty-two species were included in the EU List of Invasive Alien Plants and proceeded to Stage 2. Four species (Ambrosia trifida, Egeria densa, Fallopia baldschuanica and Oxalis pes-caprae) were assigned to the EU Observation List due to moderate or low impacts. Albizia lebbeck, Clematis terniflora, Euonymus japonicus, Lonicera morrowii, Prunus campanulata and Rubus rosifolius were assigned to the residual list due to a current lack of information on impacts. Similarly, Cornus sericea and Hydrilla verticillata were assigned to the Residual List due to unclear taxonomy and uncertainty in native status, respectively. Chromolaena odorata, Cryptostegia grandiflora and Sphagneticola trilobata were assigned to the Residual List as it is unlikely they will establish in the Union under current climatic conditions. In the risk management stage, Euonymus fortunei, Ligustrum sinense and Lonicera maackii were considered a low priority for PRA as they do not exhibit invasive tendencies despite being widely cultivated in the EU over several decades. Nineteen species were identified as having a high priority for a PRA (Acacia dealbata, Ambrosia confertiflora, Andropogon virginicus, Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Celastrus orbiculatus, Cinnamomum camphora, Cortaderia jubata, Ehrharta calycina, Gymnocoronis spilanthoides, Hakea sericea, Humulus scandens, Hygrophila polysperma, Lespedeza cuneata, Lygodium japonicum, Pennisetum setaceum, Prosopis juliflora, Sapium sebiferum, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta).
Ein Ziel des modernen Waldbaus in Mitteleuropa ist die Förderung von Mischbeständen anstelle von Reinbeständen. Auf basenreichen Standorten sollen daher an Stelle von Buchen-Reinbeständen Mischbestände aus Buche (Fagus sylvatica) und Edellaubhölzern entwickelt werden. Diese Wälder zeichnen sich durch eine artenreiche und produktive Krautschicht aus, die an vielen Ökosystemfunktionen entscheidend beteiligt ist. Ob mit einer Zunahme der Baumarten-Diversität eine Veränderung der Krautschicht-Diversität verbunden ist und welche kausalen Mechanismen möglicherweise dafür verantwortlich sind, wurde daher an den naturnah bewirtschafteten Buchen-Edellaubholz-Mischbeständen im Göttinger Wald (Süd-Niedersachsen) untersucht. Auf 63 Untersuchungsflächen (je 400 m²) mit einem Gradienten von nur einer Baumart (nur Buche) mit bis zu fünf Baumarten in der Baumschicht wurde die Artenzusammensetzung, Diversität und Produktivität der Krautschicht bestimmt. Als Umweltfaktoren wurden der pH-Wert und die PAR-Transmissivität direkt gemessen, die Wasser- und Stickstoffversorgung über die Zeigerwerte nach Ellenberg indirekt eingeschätzt. In den Kalk-Buchenwäldern (H o r d e l y m o - F a g e t u m l a t h y r e t o s um) konnten keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge zwischen der Diversität der Baumschicht und der Diversität und Produktivität der Krautschicht festgestellt werden. Mit zunehmendem Lichtangebot erhöhte sich die Diversität der Krautschicht. Gleichzeitig korrelierte die oberirdische Biomasse der Krautschicht positiv mit dem Shannon-Index der Krautschicht. Mit zunehmendem Buchen-Anteil sank der pH-Wert im oberen Mineralboden, ohne dass dies Auswirkungen auf die Diversität und Produktivität der Krautschicht hatte. Auch die kleinräumigen Unterschiede im Lichtangebot und der Basenversorgung hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Krautschicht-Diversität. Einzelne Krautschichtarten zeigten Beziehungen zur Baumarten-Diversität und zu den Umweltfaktoren, allerdings waren diese meist nur schwach ausgeprägt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse unterscheiden sich deutlich von Ergebnissen aus dem Nationalpark Hainich, wo in Laubwäldern ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen der Baumarten- und Krautschicht-Diversität nachgewiesen wurde. Mögliche Ursachen für diese gegensätzlichen Resultate können in der Methodik (Probeflächenauswahl), der Standorthomogenität (insbesondere die breitere Spanne in der Lössbedeckung und dem Tonanteil in den Böden des Hainichs), der Waldgeschichte und Bewirtschaftung sowie den beteiligten Mischbaumarten (insbesondere in der Rolle der Linde) liegen. Zusätzliche vergleichende und experimentelle Untersuchungen sind daher notwendig, um unser Wissen über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Diversität und Ökosystemfunktionen in Wäldern zu verbessern.
This review study updates the Mediterranean fish species inventory (Agnatha, Gnathostoma). Comments upon regional particularities, endemicities, immigrations, emigrations and the recent movements of Mediterranean fauna are made. A comparafive analysis between the fish communities of the Mediterranean und those of neighbouring seas is sketched out.
Since its founding in 1993 the International Long-term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) has gone through pronounced development phases. The current network comprises 44 active member LTER networks representing 700 LTER Sites and ~ 80 LTSER Platforms across all continents, active in the fields of ecosystem, critical zone and socio-ecological research. The critical challenges and most important achievements of the initial phase have now become state-of-the-art in networking for excellent science. At the same time increasing integration, accelerating technology, networking of resources and a strong pull for more socially relevant scientific information have been modifying the mission and goals of ILTER. This article provides a critical review of ILTER's mission, goals, development and impacts. Major characteristics, tools, services, partnerships and selected examples of relative strengths relevant for advancing ILTER are presented. We elaborate on the tradeoffs between the needs of the scientific community and stakeholder expectations. The embedding of ILTER in an increasingly collaborative landscape of global environmental observation and ecological research networks and infrastructures is also reflected by developments of pioneering regional and national LTER networks such as SAEON in South Africa, CERN/CEOBEX in China, TERN in Australia or eLTER RI in Europe. The primary role of ILTER is currently seen as a mechanism to investigate ecosystem structure, function, and services in response to a wide range of environmental forcings using long-term, place-based research. We suggest four main fields of activities and advancements for the next decade through development/delivery of a: (1) Global multi-disciplinary community of researchers and research institutes; (2) Strategic global framework and strong partnerships in ecosystem observation and research; (3) Global Research Infrastructure (GRI); and (4) a scientific knowledge factory for societally relevant information on sustainable use of natural resources.
Nature affects human well-being in multiple ways. However, the association between species diversity and human well-being at larger spatial scales remains largely unexplored. Here, we examine the relationship between species diversity and human well-being at the continental scale, while controlling for other known drivers of well-being. We related socio-economic data from more than 26,000 European citizens across 26 countries with macroecological data on species diversity and nature characteristics for Europe. Human well-being was measured as self-reported life-satisfaction and species diversity as the species richness of several taxonomic groups (e.g. birds, mammals and trees). Our results show that bird species richness is positively associated with life-satisfaction across Europe. We found a relatively strong relationship, indicating that the effect of bird species richness on life-satisfaction may be of similar magnitude to that of income. We discuss two, non-exclusive pathways for this relationship: the direct multisensory experience of birds, and beneficial landscape properties which promote both bird diversity and people's well-being. Based on these results, this study argues that management actions for the protection of birds and the landscapes that support them would benefit humans. We suggest that political and societal decision-making should consider the critical role of species diversity for human well-being.
Nature benefits human health. To date, however, little is known whether biodiversity relates to human health. While some local and city level studies show that species diversity, as a measure of biodiversity, can have positive effects, there is a lack of studies about the relationship between different species diversity measures and human health, especially at larger spatial scales. Here, we conduct cross-sectional analyses of the association between species diversity and human health across Germany, while controlling for socio-economic factors and other nature characteristics. As indicators for human health, we use the mental (MCS) and physical health (PCS) component scales of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP, Short Form Health Questionnaire – SF12). For species diversity, we use species richness and abundance estimates of two species groups: plants and birds. We phrase the following hypotheses: plant and bird species are positively associated with mental and physical health (H1 & H3); bird abundance is positively related to mental health (H2). Our results demonstrate a significant positive relationship between plant and bird species richness and mental health across all model variations controlling for a multitude of other factors. These results highlight the importance for species diversity for people’s mental health and well-being. Therefore, policy makers, landscape planners and greenspace managers on the local and national level should consider supporting biodiverse environments to promote mental health and wellbeing. For this purpose, we propose to use species diversity measures as indicators for salutogenic (health promoting) characteristics of nature, landscape and urban green space.
Demographic change is supposed to be the most important indirect driver for changing biodiversity. In this article, a systematic review of 148 studies was conducted to examine the scientific evidence for this relationship and to identify potential gaps in research. We explored the spatial distribution of studies, the categories addressed with respect to biodiversity and demographic change, and the ways in which their relationships were conceptualised (spatially and temporally) and valued. The majority of studies were carried out in Africa, Europe and North America. Our analysis confirms the trend that demographic phenomena were mostly found to negatively influence biodiversity. However, a considerable number of studies also point towards impacts that were context dependent, either positive or negative under certain circumstances. In addition to that we identified significant gaps in research. In particular, there is a lack of addressing (1) other demographic aspects such as population decline, age structure or gender differences, (2) spatial variability of, e.g. human population growth, (3) long-term effects of demographic processes, and (4) the context dependency (e.g. regulations/law enforcement, type of human activities, and choice of scale or proxy). We conclude there is evidence that the relationship between biodiversity and demographic change is much more complex than expected and so far represented in research. Thus, we call for a social–ecological biodiversity research that particularly focusses on the functional relation between biodiversity and human activities, namely the different types, context, and interdependent dynamics (spatial and temporal) of this complex relation.