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Erbe ausgeschlagen?
(2011)
Vom 28. bis 30. Januar [2011] lud Günter Grass auch in diesem Jahr wieder ausgewählte Autoren zum Lübecker Literaturtreffen ein, um über dies und das zu debattieren. Mit einer Neuauflage der berühmt berüchtigten Gruppe 47 hat das Treffen nichts zu tun. Aber wofür stehen die Autoren? (...) Neun Autoren sind angereist, so viele wie noch nie; Altbekannte und weniger Bekannte, manche zum ersten, einige bereits zum sechsten Mal: Sherko Fatah, Olga Flor, Eleonora Hummel, Eva Menasse, Norbert Niemann, Knud Romer, Fridolin Schley, Jens Sparschuh und Tilman Spengler.
Small bowel endoscopy is crucial for diagnosing small bowel Crohn’s disease, and capsule endoscopy is complemented by balloon-assisted enteroscopy to take biopsies and by magnetic resonance imaging to visualize enteral and extra-intestinal involvement. Recently, imaging has also become a key instrument to manage Crohn’s disease patients. Treatment control is advised for patients who have undergone bowel resections and is increasingly used to testify treatment success in non-operated patients, too. In this review we present the modern imaging methods to diagnose and to manage Crohn’s disease with a special focus on the small bowel. Moreover, current knowledge on the impact of diagnostic methods on the patients’ outcome is reported.
"Mir doch egal, ob das jetzt gerecht ist. Hauptsache, ich habe meinen Vorteil!" Wann hätte je ein Politiker, Wirtschaftslenker oder Vertreter einer Interessengruppe so argumentiert? Jeder sagt stattdessen: "Wenn wir unsere Ziele durchsetzen, dann geht es unterm Strich auch in der gesamten Gesellschaft gerechter zu." So begründen beispielsweise alle, die sich an der Diskussion über die Reform des Sozialstaats beteiligen, ihre gegensätzlichen Positionen – etwa zum sogenannten Existenzminimum – mit dem Verweis auf Gebote der Gerechtigkeit, je nach Couleur auch verbunden mit der Forderung, dass sich Leistung (wieder) lohnen müsse.
Background: We aimed to investigate the influences of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on response evaluation, as reflected by the postimperative negative variation (PINV), a slow event-related potential. Methods: We investigated PINV as an indicator of performance uncertainty in an audio-visual contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm with an interstimulus interval of 3 seconds. A constant, unilateral, quick motor reaction with either the right or the left thumb was required after an auditory forewarned (S1) visual imperative stimulus (S2). We examined 18 ADHD patients (combined or hyperactive-impulsive subtype) aged between 8 and 14 years and an age-, sex and IQ-matched control group of 19 healthy subjects using 64-channel high-density EEG. A first run was recorded drug-free, a second one under methylphenidate (MPH) medication in the ADHD group. Results: We found a significantly increased negativity of the PINV-component over the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in ADHD children compared to the healthy control group. PINV amplitude was influenced by movement side, most likely due to the slightly more difficult task when left hand responses were required. After the intake of MPH, PINV amplitudes of ADHD children normalized. Conclusions: We conclude that children with ADHD are likely to be more uncertain about the correctness of their performance and interpret the increased PINV as a hint towards compensatory mechanisms for a deficit in the evaluation of contingencies. Further studies are needed to assess the exact extent to which remainders of eye-movement related potentials contribute to PINV amplitude despite the correction for eye-artifacts.
Er gilt als Meister der Sprache, als Poet der Empfindsamkeit, als Dichter des Zwischenraums, der die Umbrüche der Moderne antizipierte, als Sonderling und Grenzgänger im Leben wie im Werk, als Projektmacher bis zum selbst inszenierten Tod: Heinrich von Kleist (1777– 1811) entzieht sich allen gewöhnlichen Rubrizierungen. Nicht zuletzt deshalb sind seine Werke für Literaturwissenschaftler bis heute von besonderer Faszination. In pointierten Beiträgen beschreiben Frankfurter Forscher, eine Dramaturgin des Schauspiel Frankfurt und eine Berliner Journalistin, wie sie sich Kleists Texten nähern. Auf das vehemente Posthum-Interesse an seiner Person und seinen schriftstellerischen Hinterlassenschaften hätte Kleist eine ironische Antwort parat, er nahm sie bereits zu Lebzeiten vorweg: "Nachruhm! Was ist das für ein seltsam Ding, das man erst genießen kann, wenn man nicht mehr ist." Kleist Special: * "...zu leben in einer Zeit, die vorbei, oder nicht da ist" – Von einem, der auszog – Kleists Suche nach einer Lebensform über den Augenblick hinaus. [Nora Khuon] * Die Doppelrolle eines simplen Strichs. Wenn der Erzähler erzählt, ohne zu erzählen – Zu Kleists (Gedanken)Strichen. [Waltraud Wiethölter] * "Gott, mein Vater!" Neues von der Marquise von O… [Andreas Kraß] * "Verwahr’ es wohl, es wird dir dereinst das Leben retten!" Kleist und die Biopolitik. [Davide Giuriato] * "Der Krüge schönster ist entzwei geschlagen" Komik in der Materialität des Körpers und des Zeichens. [Heinz Drügh] * "Was weiter erfolgte, brauchen wir nicht zu melden ..." Heinrich von Kleists "Poetik der Unschärfe". [Christian Metz] * "O tief, tief sinkt die Schale des Glückes" Seine zwei letzten Jahre in Berlin: Kleist als Herausgeber der ersten Berliner Tageszeitung - Das heiter inszenierte Ende am Kleinen Wannsee. [Lisette Nichtweiss] * Von der wundersamen Vermehrung der Kleist-Lektüre. Im Gedenkjahr 2011 erweitern neue Bücher und Biografien das Wissen über den Dichter und Dramatiker. [Lisette Nichtweiss]
Introduction: This study presents our online-teaching material within the k-MED project (Knowledge in Medical Education) at the university of Marburg. It is currently organized in five e-learning modules: cytogenetics, chromosomal aberrations, formal genetics, fundamentals of molecular diagnostics, and congenital abnormalities and syndromes. These are basic courses intended to do the educational groundwork, which will enable academic teachers to concentrate on more sophisticated topics during their lectures. Methods: The e-learning modules have been offered to a large group of about 3300 students during four years at the Faculty of Medicine in Marburg. The group consists of science students (human biology) and medical students in the preclinical or the clinical period, respectively. Participants were surveyed on acceptance by evaluating user-tracking data and questionnaires. Results and Conclusion: Analysis of the evaluation data proofs the broad acceptance of the e-learning modules during eight semesters. The courses are in stable or even increasing use from winter term 2005/06 until spring term 2009. Conclusion: Our e-learning-model is broadly accepted among students with different levels of knowledge at the Faculty of Medicine in Marburg. If the e-learning courses are maintained thoroughly, minor adaptations can increase acceptance and usage even furthermore. Their use should be extended to the medical education of technical assistances and nurses, who work in the field of human genetics. Keywords: Human genetics, e-Learning, evaluation, multimedia
A mechanism for locally density-dependent dynamic parton rearrangement and fusion has been implemented into the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) approach. The same mechanism has been previously built in the Quark Gluon String Model (QGSM). This rearrangement and fusion approach based on parton coalescence ideas enables the description of multi-particle interactions, namely 3 -> 3 and 3 -> 2, between (pre)hadronic states in addition to standard binary interactions. The UrQMD model (v2.3) extended by these additional processes allows to investigate implications of multi-particle interactions on the reaction dynamics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The mechanism, its implementation and first results of this investigation are presented and discussed.
Poster presentation from Twentieth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2011 Stockholm, Sweden. 23-28 July 2011. Background: Oscillatory activity in high-beta and gamma bands (20-80Hz) is known to play an important role in cortical processing being linked to cognitive processes and behavior. Beta/gamma oscillations are thought to emerge in local cortical circuits via two mechanisms: the interaction between excitatory principal cells and inhibitory interneurons – the pyramidal-interneuron gamma (PING) [1], and in networks of coupled inhibitory interneurons under tonic excitation – the interneuronal gamma (ING) [2]. Experimental evidence underlines the important role of inhibitory interneurons and especially of the fast spiking (FS) interneurons [3,4]. We show in simulation that an important property of FS neurons, namely the membrane resonance (frequency preference), represents an additional mechanism – the resonance induced gamma (RING), i.e. modulation of oscillatory discharge by resonance. RING promotes frequency stability and enables oscillations in purely excitatory networks. Methods: Local circuits were modeled with small world networks of 80% excitatory and 20% inhibitory neuron populations interconnected in small-world topology by realistic conductance-based synapses. Neuron populations were leaky integrate and fire (LIF) or Izhikevich resonator (RES) neurons. We also tested networks of purely inhibitory and purely excitatory RES neurons. Networks were stimulated with miniature postsynaptic potentials (MINIs) [5] and with low frequency sinusoidal (0.5 Hz) input that mimics the effect of gratings passing trough the visual field. The activity was calibrated to match recordings from cat visual cortex (firing rate, oscillatory activity). Results: Sinusoidal input modulates network oscillation frequency. This effect is most prominent in IF excitatory and IF inhibitory (IF-IF) networks and less prominent (about 4 times) in IF-RES or RES-IF networks where frequency remains relatively stable. The most stable frequency was observed in networks of pure resonators (RES-RES, None-RES, RES-None). Interestingly, purely excitatory RES networks (RES-None) were also able to exhibit oscillations through RING. By contrast purely excitatory or inhibitory IF networks (IF-None, None-IF) were not able to express oscillations under these conditions, matching experimental parameters. Conclusions: In both PING and ING, adding membrane resonance to principal cells or inhibitory interneurons stabilizes network oscillation frequency via the RING mechanism. Notably, in networks of purely excitatory networks, where ING and PING are not defined, oscillations can emerge via the RING mechanism if membrane resonance is expressed. Thus, RING appears as a potentially important mechanism for promoting stable network oscillations.
The intensive foraging of insectivorous birds and bats is well known to reduce the density of arboreal herbivorous arthropods but quantification of collateral leaf damage remains limited for temperate forest canopies. We conducted exclusion experiments with nets in the crowns of young and mature oaks, Quercus robur, in south and central Germany to investigate the extent to which aerial vertebrates reduce herbivory through predation. We repeatedly estimated leaf damage throughout the vegetation period. Exclusion of birds and bats led to a distinct increase in arthropod herbivory, emphasizing the prominent role of vertebrate predators in controlling arthropods. Leaf damage (e.g., number of holes) differed strongly between sites and was 59% higher in south Germany, where species richness of vertebrate predators and relative oak density were lower compared with our other study site in central Germany. The effects of bird and bat exclusion on herbivory were 19% greater on young than on mature trees in south Germany. Our results support previous studies that have demonstrated clear effects of insectivorous vertebrates on leaf damage through the control of herbivorous arthropods. Moreover, our comparative approach on quantification of leaf damage highlights the importance of local attributes such as tree age, forest composition and species richness of vertebrate predators for control of arthropod herbivory.