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Zum virologischen Nachweis einer akuten Influenza und zur Überprüfung des Immunstatus steht eine Vielzahl von Untersuchungsmethoden zur Verfügung. Bei Verdacht auf eine Influenzavirusinfektion liefert der Rachenabstrich das geeignete Untersuchungsmaterial. Das tiefe Nasopharynxaspirat ist etwas sensitiver, Sputum etwas weniger ergiebig. Die RT-PCR ermöglicht in 1–2 h nach Materialeingang ein sensitives und spezifisches Ergebnis. Typen, Subtypen und Driftvarianten lassen sich durch geeignete Primersonden, die kommerziell zur Verfügung stehen, einwandfrei identifizieren. Demgegenüber ist die Zellkultur-gestützte Virusisolierung zeitaufwendiger und stärker abhängig von einer sachgerechten Materialgewinnung und –überbringung (Kühlkette). PCR und Virusanzüchtung ermöglichen die geno- bzw. phänotypische Testung auf Therapieresistenzen. Der Antigentest ist eine einfache (bed-side) Schnellmethode. Seine Spezifität ist gut, die Sensitivität limitiert; daher kann der Antigentest nicht zur individuellen Ausschlussdiagnose eingesetzt werden. Influenzavirusspezifische Antikörper erscheinen im Blut erst in der zweiten Krankheitswoche. Die Serodiagnostik erfolgt typenspezifisch mit Komplementbindungsreaktion (KBR), IFT und ELISA über eine signifikante Titerbewegung oder den Nachweis von IgA-Antikörpern. IgG-spezifische IFT und ELISA Methoden geben Auskunft über die Influenzavirus-typspezifische Durchseuchung. Die klinisch relevantere subtypen- und variantenspezifische Influenzavirusimmunität wird mit dem HHT oder NT gemessen.
Die Labordiagnose einer Infektionskrankheit beruht auf dem Nachweis des Infektionserregers oder der spezifischen Immunreaktion unter Berücksichtigung der klinischen Plausibilität. Biologische Testverfahren wie der Zellkulturversuch erbringen nur näherungsweise ein quantitatives Ergebnis und sind mit einer relativ großen Streuung behaftet. Das gilt auch für Antikörperassays, soweit sie über ein biologisches Testsignal abgelesen werden (CPE, Agglutination, Komplementverbrauch). Moderne serologische und molekularbiologische Untersuchungsmethoden der Virologie werden i. d. R. über ein physikochemisches Testssignal abgelesen und quantitativ ausgewertet. Dadurch gelingt die nationale und internationale Standardisierung, die sich in Ringversuchen gut überprüfen lässt. Aus biologischen Gründen ist meist eine log. Ergebnisberechnung angezeigt, was für „ signifikante “ Unterschiede in Verlaufsuntersuchungen zu berücksichtigen ist: Da sowohl Infektion als auch Immunreaktion dynamische Prozesse darstellen, können Normalwerte in der virologischen Labordiagnostik nur restriktiv definiert werden. Ihre Ergebnisse sind mehr oder minder individuell interpretationsbedürftig.
To examine their luminescence behavior, two air-stable BN addition compounds were synthesized by the reaction of 5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indole with 1,4- and 1,3-bis(bromo(methyl)boryl)benzene, respectively. Both BN adducts are luminescent. Their emission maxima (1,3-substituted BN adduct: 495 nm; 1,4-substituted BN adduct: 497 nm) are comparable with the value (490 nm) of the related mono-borylated benzene species, which is composed of a BPh2 fragment and a 5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl) indole unit. The starting materials 1,4- and 1,3-bis(bromo(methyl)boryl)benzene were accessible by treatment of 1,4- or 1,3-bis(dibromoboryl)benzene with two equivalents of SnMe4. In addition, the results of the X-ray structure analyses of the B,B′-bis-5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indolyl-complexed meta-bismethylborylbenzene fragment (9, triclinic, P1̅) as well as of 5-chloro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indole (2, monoclinic, P21/c) and 5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indole (1, orthorhombic, Pca21) are reported. The pyridylindole derivatives of this approach were synthesized by an optimized two-step procedure from 2-acetylpyridine and 4-fluoro- or 4-chlorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride.
Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction of (tBu2P)3Ga (monoclinic, space group Cc) were obtained from GaCl3 and two equivalents of Li[PtBu2] at room temperature in benzene. The phosphanylgallane (tBu2P)3Ga was also produced via a one-pot approach by reaction of GaCl3 with three or more than three equivalents of Li[PtBu2]. However, treatment of one equivalent of GaCl3 with one equivalent of Li[PtBu2] and subsequent protolysis yielded [tBu2PH2][tBu2P(GaCl3)2 - Li(Cl3Ga)2PtBu2]. Single crystals of this phosphonium salt (monoclinic, space group Cc) were obtained from benzene at room temperature.
Wilhelm Raabe gehört zu den literarischen Experten, die dem durch beschleunigte Temporalisierungsprozesse bedingten neuen Stellenwert von Kuriositäten schreibend ihre Aufmerksamkeit widmen und dem Plunder bzw. Abfall eine bislang wenig bekannte poetische Seite abgewinnen. Raabe ist ein historistisch geschulter Virtuose in der Adaption und Transformation vorgegebener literarischer Dingdarstellungen. Er weiß die im Rokoko geschulte Koketterie mit dem Minutiösen und Seltenen, mit der Enthüllung und Verhüllung der Dinge zu nutzen, er greift auf die in der Empfindsamkeit betriebene emotionale Aufladung der Dinge zurück, er bedient sich der Traditionen exotischer Amulette und Fetische und er reizt das Erinnerungspotential der Dinge aus. Rezeptionspsychologisch kennt er die poetischen Möglichkeiten des Spiels und Widerspiels von Projektion auf die Dinge und Resonanz der Dinge, das heißt er weiß den Appell- und Signalcharakter der Dinge einzusetzen. Insbesondere vermag er die Dinge als narrative Kerne zu inszenieren, das
heißt sie so erzählerisch zu arrangieren, dass das noch nicht Erzählte oder nicht Erzählbare vom Leser substituiert wird. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, Wilhelm Raabe ist ein virtuoser erzählerischer Choreograph, der die gesamte Breite an poetischen Dingsuggestionen vom Gebrauchsding zum Fetisch und von der Kuriosität bis zum Abfall, von der traditionellen Locke und dem empfindsamen Taschentuch bis zur modischen Vase aufzurufen weiß.
After the events of 1989 pupils exit German language schools with a degree of German language proficiency which is much lower than research suggests it should be, given the amount of exposure to the language they had throughout their years of schooling. Generally, the only reason put forward for this relative lack of success in acquiring the language is the loss of the ethnic German population, which would have, on the one hand, provided the bulk of learners, and on the other hand, offered a rich linguistic environment to the few pupils of other ethnicities who are not native German speakers. In the present work I intend to challenge this mono-causal explanation by presenting the complexity of variables discussed in SLA research.
Über Treue und Untreue in der Übersetzung : von den Belles Infidèles zum feministischen Paradigma
(2011)
The following paper tries to offer a short outlook on certain aspects of the feminist paradigm in translation theory such as it has emerged from the gender studies and to point out some of the limitations of this paradigm. After outlining the anti-feminist characteristics of the general discourse in translation studies in western culture, the paper discusses the contribution of the so called belles infidèles in the 18th century to the consolidation of a gender discriminating attitude towards translation. The feminist paradigm has been trying to offer an alternative approach, viewing the translation not as a mere copy of the original, but as a creation in itself and the translator as a creator equally important to the author of the source text. It leaves open the question wether it would be acceptable from an ethical point of view to replace the male dominated theoretical discourse in translation studies with an equally ideologically framed one.
Starting from the generally acknowledged fact that exact translation is not possible, this article presents the difficulties of translation between legal systems in general, which appear on different levels and are of such extent, that it has often been spoken about the untranslatability of law. The idea of untranslatability is a controversed one in the specialized literature, as some authors show that it is no case of absolute untranslatability, but one of relative untranslatability, since the translator – who has to bridge the gap between the source and the target legal system – must find a surrogate solution for the missing legal term.
The German film Offset (2005) is one of an increasing number of films which for various reasons can be called intercultural films or intercultural cinema. This contribution, while pleading for a more extended use of the term “intercultural cinema”, aims to focus on some of those features present in movies of this “genre”. The chosen example Offset serves as a starting point : Especially the notions of different languages used in such films (“multilingual” film) and the different purposes they can serve will be highlighted; secondly, such aspects of interculturalism that become visible in the production of the film itself, and for the purpose of audience building, which also make use of intercultural aspects in the present example will be analyzed. The transcultural film analysis of this movie will also deal with and reveal stereotypes and clichés that are part of the German-Romanian culture clash which is depicted in Offset.
This essay examines the emancipatory possibilities of interculturalism. The aim is to evaluate whether the philosophical discourse of interculturalism, which is still parasitic on a vocabulary of modernism, can achieve its emancipatory role in a postmodern world by trying to empower difference through consensus. Further, this essay aims to propose a way out of modernist dialecticism and towards a truly postmodern theory of interculturalism.
Starting from the peculiar presentation of the geographic spreading of the surname Lutsch in Germany (see the map), based on telephone books from 1995, the aim of the present paper is to reconstruct the history of this last name. Lutsch has its origin in the hypocoristic Lu(t)z(erm. Lud [wig]), it is a German surname specific to Transylvania, being spread especially in its south-western area. The fact that this surname is so rare today (Sibiu, Cindy, Apoldu de Sus, Slimnic, Sebeș, Gârbova, Pianu de Jos, Hunedoara, isolatedly and Brașov, Târgu Secuiesc, Bistrița) is due first of all to the settling of the German ethnics in The Federal Republic of Germany between 1970-1990. It is a coincidence that the name Lutsch can be found today especially in the south of Germany, overlapping with the spreading area of the surname Lutz, for the persons who have this surname do not represent the native population of Southern Germany, but the German emigrants from Transylvania.
The present paper focuses upon a translatological perspective of the cultureme theory, as initially presented by Els Oksaar and developed later by other linguists. By examining a few expressions from a novel of the Romanian-German writer Aglaja Veteranyi and their translations into Romanian, the paper illustrates the categories micro- and macro-cultureme.
The article presents 11 idiom workbooks (some of them displaying a comparative approach) of the 1990s as well as their underlying methodological-didactic concept. The workbooks examined, a number of which have been previously critically assessed by the phraseo-didactic literature, are presented in the chronological order of their publication.
This article is meant as a token of appreciation for the germanist, poet and translator Liana Corciu who taught for a long time at the University of Bucharest, German Department, then emigrated in the USA where she continued her work as a germanist and teacher of German and where she died in 2008. As a germanist she left us an original dissertation on the lyric poetry of Bertolt Brecht and a series of scientific articles, as a poet a number of thematically and stylistically very relevant poems, as a translator some valuable translations of literary texts from German into Romanian.
This article deals with the representation of motherdaughter relationships in novels by Herta Müller, Aglaja Veteranyi, Carmen Francesca Banciu and Gabriela Adamesteanu, all of them born in Romania. Herta Müller and Aglaja Veterani constantly wrote in German, while Carmen Francesca Banciu changed her language after emigrating to Germany and Gabriela Adameºteanu’s language has always been Romanian. Mother-daughter relationships are analysed in regard of female genealogy, but also considering their complexity and ambiguity. It is shown that representations of mother-daughter-relationships are depending rather on individual and psychological criteria than the author’s cultural or ethnic affiliation. Maybe a larger study, which could not be made in this article, could reveal more detailed results.
This study deals with two works, from the perspective of “magic realism”: Cronica unei morþi anunþate by Gabriel Garcia Márquez and Der Fürst der Welt by Erika Mitterer. Magic realism is mostly associated with Latin American literature, especially with the style of Gabriel Garcia Márquez, the 1982 Nobel Prize laureate in Literature. Magic realism techniques are used by the Viennese author Erika Mitterer in the abovementioned historical novel too, in order to render a “camouflaged” writing for avoiding the National Socialist censorship.
The nine stories of Kehlmann’s novel Ruhm. Ein Roman in neun Geschichten (2009) are contentwise independent, yet they are manifoldly linked up by several apparently coincidental elements. Modern means of communication as mobile phones or access to internet, initially invented to bring people together, have now the function to engulf people in misery and isolate them from each other. An analysis on Kehlmann’s social criticism of modern way of life and communication in his literary work is not so easy because of a special character of the novel: it is the fictional writer who ironically questions literature itself and its ethical function.
This work analyses the research done by the German-speaking researchers Pauline and Adolf Schullerus in Transylvania, especially in the field of Romanian fairy-tales. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century several German-speaking scholars started to collect Romanian fairy tales and to translate them into German. Pauline Schullerus was one of them. Adolf Schullerus collected fairy tales himself and sorted them accordingly to the classification system developed by Antti Aarne. The borders of the verbal fixation were easily transgressed by storytellers. While collecting fairy tales, researchers became interested in the interethnic relations between the populations.
The Bucharest author Oscar Walter Cisek (1897-1966) does not write about the interests of the German minority in Romania to which he himself belongs, but describes the life of the Romanian, Turkish and Tartar population in the first half of the twentieth century. The aim of the present article is to determine foreign-cultural signs in the German versions of the novella Die Tatarin (1928/29) and to analyse how an internal linguistic cultural transfer is achieved. From the evaluation of the reviews to the novella Die Tatarin appeared in the German press between 1929-1930 arise three aspects of ”otherness”: the exotic space, the foreign culture and the oriental woman. The present article analyses especially the representation of the foreign culture in Cisek’s novella.