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Selbste in der Spätmoderne
(2013)
"Was sich nach 25 Jahren Individualisierungsthese sicher sagen lässt, ist, dass sie kaum noch auf Widerspruch stößt." So lapidar leitet Markus Schroer seinen Aufsatz in einem Sammelband über Individualisierungen ein, und er hat Recht. Wenn wir das "Problem der Person" - mit ihren Identitäts- und Individualisierungsaspekten - in den Kontext von Rolle, Typ, Figur, Inszenierung und Theatralisierung stellen wollen, haben wir es zumindest mit den folgenden drei Aspekten zu tun. Erstens 'Identität'. [...] Zweitens 'Inkonsistenz'. [...] Drittens 'Inszenierung'.
Um es gleich vorwegzunehmen: Die biblische Simsonfigur lässt sich nur schwer bestimmen. Bei der Darstellung Simsons werden nämlich viele unterschiedliche, auch gegensätzliche Erzählzüge verwendet, die sich vehement gegen jede Einordnung sträuben. Insofern können im Folgenden nur einige Linien nachgezeichnet werden, die die biblischen Simsonerzählungen selbst vorgeben. Es wird sich zeigen, dass es zwei unterschiedliche Simsonfiguren gegeben hat: eine "untheologische" profane Simsonfigur, wie sie in der zunächst mündlichen Tradition vorgegeben war, und eine "theologische" Simsonfigur, für die der Verfasser bzw. spätere Redaktoren des Richterbuchs verantwortlich zu machen sind. Beide Simsonfiguren haben – wie wir sehen werden – viele, teils widersprüchliche Facetten, so dass man sie nicht auf einen einzigen festen Figurentyp festlegen kann.
Das Rollenfachsystem als Ordnungsprinzip, das die Theaterpraxis über Jahrhunderte hinweg in entscheidender Weise geprägt hat, ist in der neueren Theater- und Literaturwissenschaft als Forschungsgegenstand nicht etabliert. Es ist das Verdienst von Anke Detken und Anja Schonlau, mit ihrer Tagung "Rollenfach und Drama - Europäische Theaterkonvention im Text" an der Universität Göttingen im Jahr 2012 Optionen für eine Anknüpfung an die grundlegenden Forschungsarbeiten zum Rollenfach aus dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert eröffnet zu haben. Nur auf den ersten Blick eine ausschließlich ästhetische Kategorie, erweisen sich Rollenfächer in ihrer je spezifischen Ausgestaltung und aufgrund der Modifikationen, die sie durchliefen, als Reflex auf soziale Rollen. Entsprechende Zusammenhänge sollen im Folgenden anhand der Fächer der Soubrette und der munteren Liebhaberin skizziert werden.
Im Folgenden wird die Hypothese vorgestellt, dass Johann Nestroy (1801–1862) - der populäre Wiener Volksdramatiker, Volksschauspieler und Theaterdirektor - in seinem Unterhaltungstheater das bürgerliche Subjekt und seine Kultur dekonstruiert. Damit einher geht die Entlarvung der ideologisch aufgeladenen bürgerlichen Geschlechterordnung als soziale Konstruktion. Diese Annahmen werden anhand dreier Possen erläutert: 'Eine Wohnung ist zu vermiethen …' (Uraufführung 1837), 'Liebesgeschichten und Heurathssachen' (UA 1843) und 'Das Gewürzkrämer-Kleeblatt' (UA 1845).
Background: Physical activity is an important part of life, and hence exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) can reduce the quality of life. A standardized test is needed to diagnose EIB. The American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines recommend an exercise challenge in combination with dry air. We investigated the feasibility of a new, ATS guidelines conform exercise challenge in a cold chamber (ECC) to detect EIB. The aim of this study was to investigate the surrogate marker reaction to methacholine, ECC and exercise challenge in ambient temperature for the prediction of a positive reaction and to re-evaluate the reproducibility of the response to an ECC.
Methods: Seventy-eight subjects aged 6 to 40 years with suspected EIB were recruited for the study. The subjects performed one methacholine challenge, two ECCs, and one exercise challenge at an ambient temperature. To define the sensitivity and specificity of the predictor, a receiver-operating characteristic curve was plotted. The repeatability was evaluated using the method described by Bland and Altman (95% Limits of agreement).
Results: The following cut-off values showed the best combination of sensitivity and specificity: the provocation dose causing a 20% decrease in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PD20FEV1) of methacholine: 1.36 mg (AUC 0.69, p < 0.05), the maximal decrease in FEV1 during the ECC: 8.5% (AUC 0.78, p < 0.001) and exercise challenges at ambient temperatures: FEV1 5.2% (AUC 0.64, p = 0.13). The median decline in FEV1 was 14.5% (0.0–64.2) during the first ECC and 10.7% (0.0–52.5) during the second ECC. In the comparison of both ECCs, the Spearman rank correlation of the FEV1 decrease was r = 0.58 (p < 0.001). The 95% limits of agreement (95% LOAs) for the FEV1 decrease were − 17.7 to 26.4%.
Conclusions: The surrogate markers PD20FEV1 of methacholine and maximal decrease in FEV1 during ECC can predict a positive reaction in another ECC, whereas the maximal FEV1 decrease in an exercise challenge at an ambient temperature was not predictive. Compared with previous studies, we can achieve a similar reproducibility with an ECC.
Clinical trial registration: NCT02026492 (retrospectively registered 03/Jan/2014).
PfEMP1 (erythrocyte membrane protein 1) adhesins play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of falciparum malaria, by mediating sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the microvasculature. PfEMP1 variants are expressed by var genes and are presented on membrane elevations, termed knobs. However, the organization of PfEMP1 on knobs is largely unclear. Here, we use super-resolution microscopy and genetically altered parasites expressing a modified var2csa gene in which the coding sequence of the photoactivatable mEOS2 was inserted to determine the number and distribution of PfEMP1 on single knobs. The data were verified by quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and immuno-electron microscopy together with stereology methods. We show that knobs contain 3.3 ± 1.7 and 4.3 ± 2.5 PfEMP1 molecules, predominantly placed on the knob tip, in parasitized erythrocytes containing wild type and sickle haemoglobin, respectively. The ramifications of our findings for cytoadhesion and immune evasion are discussed.
Heterologously expressed genes require adaptation to the host organism to ensure adequate levels of protein synthesis, which is typically approached by replacing codons by the target organism’s preferred codons. In view of frequently encountered suboptimal outcomes we introduce the codon-specific elongation model (COSEM) as an alternative concept. COSEM simulates ribosome dynamics during mRNA translation and informs about protein synthesis rates per mRNA in an organism- and context-dependent way. Protein synthesis rates from COSEM are integrated with further relevant covariates such as translation accuracy into a protein expression score that we use for codon optimization. The scoring algorithm further enables fine-tuning of protein expression including deoptimization and is implemented in the software OCTOPOS. The protein expression score produces competitive predictions on proteomic data from prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and human expression systems. In addition, we optimized and tested heterologous expression of manA and ova genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Superiority over standard methodology was demonstrated by a threefold increase in protein yield compared to wildtype and commercially optimized sequences.
Objectives: Novel formulations (gastro-resistant tablet and intravenous solution) of posaconazole (POS) have been approved in prophylaxis and therapy of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs). Study aim was to analyze treatment strategies and clinical effectiveness.
Methods: We set up a web-based registry on www.ClinicalSurveys.net for documentation of comprehensive data of patients who received novel POS formulations. Data analysis was split into two groups of patients who received novel POS formulations for antifungal prophylaxis (posaconazole prophylaxis group) and antifungal therapy (posaconazole therapy group), respectively.
Results: Overall, 180 patients (151 in the posaconazole prophylaxis group and 29 in the posaconazole therapy group) from six German tertiary care centers and hospitalized between 05/2014 – 03/2016 were observed. Median age was 58 years (range: 19 – 77 years) and the most common risk factor for IFD was chemotherapy (n = 136; 76%). In the posaconazole prophylaxis group and posaconazole therapy group, median POS serum levels at steady-state were 1,068 μg/L (IQR 573–1,498 μg/L) and 904 μg/L (IQR 728–1,550 μg/L), respectively (P = 0.776). During antifungal prophylaxis with POS, nine (6%) probable/proven fungal breakthroughs were reported and overall survival rate of hospitalization was 86%. The median overall duration of POS therapy was 18 days (IQR: 7 – 23 days). Fourteen patients (48%) had progressive IFD under POS therapy, of these five patients (36%) died related to or likely related to IFD.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates clinical effectiveness of antifungal prophylaxis with novel POS formulations. In patients treated for possible/probable/proven IFD, we observed considerable mortality in patients receiving salvage treatment and with infections due to rare fungal species.
Max Dessoir
(2010)
Spécialiste d’esthétique philosophique et de psychologie, Max Dessoir (1867–1947) est un des principaux fondateurs de la Kunstwissenschaft. Élève de Wilhelm Dilthey, il fait des études de philosophie à Berlin, où en 1889 il soutient une thèse sur Karl Philipp Moritz. En 1892, il obtient un diplôme de médecine à Würzburg. En 1888, Dessoir fonde la « Gesellschaft für Experimental-Psychologie », dédiée à l’étude de l’hypnose et des phénomènes paranormaux. Il enseigne la philosophie à Berlin de 1897 à 1933. Suite à la montée du national-socialisme, il est d’abord privé de sa chaire à cause de ses origines juives, et, en 1936, interdit définitivement d’enseigner en Allemagne. Après la guerre, il occupe la chaire de philosophie à l’Université de Francfort. Dessoir dédie l’essentiel de ses travaux à l’étude des connexions entre arts et sciences. ...
Background: Computer-assisted implant planning has become an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool in modern dentistry. This case report emphasizes the possibilities in modern implantology combining virtual implant planning, guided surgery with tooth and implant supported templates, immediate implant placement and loading.
Case presentation: A straight forward approach was followed for the mandible presenting with hopeless lower incisors. Diagnosis, decision making and treatment approach were based on clinical findings and detailed virtual three-dimensional implant planning. Extractions of the hopeless mandibular incisors, immediate and guided implant placement of six standard implants, and immediate loading with a provisional fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) were performed fulfilling patient’s functional and esthetic demands. The final computer assisted design / computer assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) FDP with a titanium framework and composite veneering was delivered after 6 months. At the 1-year recall the FDP was free of technical complications. Stable bony conditions and a healthy peri-implant mucosa could be observed.
Conclusions: Computer assisted implantology including three-dimensional virtual implant planning, guided surgery, and CAD/CAM fabrication of provisional and final reconstructions allowed for a concise treatment workflow with predictable esthetic and functional outcomes in this mandibular full-arch case. The combination of immediate implant placement and immediate loading was considerably more complex and required a high level of organization between implantologist, technician and patient. After the usage of a first tooth-supported surgical template with subsequent extraction of the supporting teeth, a second surgical template stabilized on the previously inserted implants helped to transfer the planned implant position in the extraction sites with a guided approach.