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Background: Mitochondrial genes are among the most commonly used markers in studies of species’ phylogeography and to draw conclusions about taxonomy. The Hyles euphorbiae complex (HEC) comprises six distinct mitochondrial lineages in the Mediterranean region, of which one exhibits a cryptic disjunct distribution. The predominant mitochondrial lineage in most of Europe, euphorbiae, is also present on Malta; however, it is nowadays strangely absent from Southern Italy and Sicily, where it is replaced by 'italica'. A separate biological entity in Italy is further corroborated by larval colour patterns with a congruent, confined suture zone along the Northern Apennines. By means of historic DNA extracted from museum specimens, we aimed to investigate the evolution of the mitochondrial demographic structure of the HEC in Italy and Malta throughout the Twentieth Century.
Results: At the beginning of the Twentieth Century, the European mainland lineages were also present at a moderate frequency in Southern Italy and Sicily. The proportion of 'italica' then steadily increased in this area from below 60 percent to near fixation in about 120 years. Thus, geographical sorting of mitochondrial lineages in the HEC was not as complete then as the current demography suggests. The pattern of an integral 'italica' core region and a disjunct euphorbiae distribution evolved very recently. To explain these strong demographic changes, we propose genetic drift due to anthropogenic habitat loss and fragmentation in combination with an impact from recent climate warming that favoured the spreading of the potentially better adapted 'italica' populations.
Conclusions: The pattern of geographically separated mitochondrial lineages is commonly interpreted as representing long term separated entities. However, our results indicate that such a pattern can emerge surprisingly quickly, even in a widespread and rather common taxon. We thus caution against drawing hasty taxonomic conclusions from biogeographical patterns of mitochondrial markers derived from modern sampling alone.
Mitochondria have a central role in regulating a range of cellular activities and host responses upon bacterial infection. Multiple pathogens affect mitochondria dynamics and functions to influence their intracellular survival or evade host immunity. On the other side, major host responses elicited against infections are directly dependent on mitochondrial functions, thus placing mitochondria centrally in maintaining homeostasis upon infection. In this review, we summarize how different bacteria and viruses impact morphological and functional changes in host mitochondria and how this manipulation can influence microbial pathogenesis as well as the host cell metabolism and immune responses.
Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) are necrophagous insects initially colonizing on a corpse. The species-specific developmental data of the flies collected from a death scene can be used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). Thus, the first crucial step is to correctly identify the fly species. Because of the high similarity among species of flesh flies, DNA-based identification is considered more favorable than morphology-based identification. In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of combined sequences (2216 to 2218 bp) of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II genes (COI and COII) for identification of the following 14 forensically important flesh fly species in Thailand: Boettcherisca nathani Lopes, Fengia ostindicae (Senior-White), Harpagophalla kempi (Senior-White), Liopygia ruficornis (Fabricius), Lioproctia pattoni (Senior-White), Lioproctia saprianovae (Pape & Bänziger), Parasarcophaga albiceps (Meigen), Parasarcophaga brevicornis (Ho), Parasarcophaga dux (Thomson), Parasarcophaga misera (Walker), Sarcorohdendorfia antilope (Böttcher), Sarcorohdendorfia inextricata (Walker), Sarcorohdendorfia seniorwhitei (Ho) and Seniorwhitea princeps (Wiedemann). Nucleotide variations of Thai flesh flies were evenly distributed throughout the COI-COII genes. Mean intra- and interspecific variations ranged from 0.00 to 0.96% and 5.22% to 12.31%, respectively. Using Best Match (BM) and Best Close Match (BCM) criteria, identification success for the combined genes was 100%, while the All Species Barcodes (ASB) criterion showed 76.74% success. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenetic analyses yielded similar tree topologies of monophyletic clades between species with very strong support values. The achieved sequences covering 14 forensically important flesh fly species including newly submitted sequences for B. nathani, F. ostindicae and S. seniorwhitei, can serve as a reliable reference database for further forensic entomological research in Thailand and in other areas where those species occur.
Hypoxia triggers several mechanisms to adapt cells to a low oxygen environment. Mitochondria are major consumers of oxygen and a potential source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response to hypoxia they exchange or modify distinct subunits of the respiratory chain and adjust their metabolism, especially lowering the citric acid cycle. Intermediates of the citric acid cycle participate in regulating hypoxia inducible factors (HIF), the key mediators of adaptation to hypoxia. Here we summarize how hypoxia conditions mitochondria with consequences for ROS-production and the HIF-pathway.
Dialéctica del Iluminismo, de T.W. Adorno y Max Horkheimer, puede llevar a la confusión de entender pensamiento y razón como términos indiferenciados. Este vínculo tiende a establecerse a través de un mecanismo de metonimia que remite uno al otro como si ambos fueran semejantes. Sin embargo, la primera dificultad al confundir ambos términos y la misma dificultad de Horkheimer en su Crítica de la razón instrumental es la de establecer la diferencia entre razón objetiva y metafísica, así como ubicar valorativamente al mito en esta segunda categoría. El presente trabajo explora las claves que permiten operar la igualación del mito a Iluminismo y la reducción de ambos a metafísica en el pensamiento de la Escuela de Frankfurt.
Sechzig Jahre nach Kriegsende melden sich die Jahrgänge verstärkt zu Wort, die ihre Kindheit, teils auch ihre Jugendzeit, während der NS-Diktatur, der Kriegs- und der ersten Nachkriegszeit verbracht haben. Zahlreiche deutsche Schriftsteller – auch solche, die für Kinder und Jugendliche geschrieben haben – gehören dieser Generation der Kriegskinder an. Viele von ihnen wenden sich wiederholt ihren teilweise sehr belastenden Kindheitserlebnissen zu. Wie diese Erfahrungen literarisch verarbeitet werden, untersucht der Kinder- und Jugendbuchforscher Hans-Heino Ewers am Beispiel von Peter Härtling.
Seelsorge und Diakonie betreffen als Themenfelder nicht nur die Praktische Theologie Gemeinsam mit Annette Haußmann (Heidelberg lud die Frankfurter Professur für Praktische Theologie deshalb zu einer interdisziplinären Fachtagung in das Heidelberger Schmitthennerhaus. Christine Wenona Hoffmann und Silvie Pölzer berichten.
The subject of the present study represents the artistic personality of the German writer Mite Kremnitz (1852-1916), which takes into consideration both facets of her work, as a translator and as a novelist. On the one hand and as an author in her own right, Mite Kremnitz is the carrier of Romanian realities; on the other hand she has the merit of having been the first one to translate contemporary literature from Romanian into German.
Wie in den Jahren zuvor organisierte der BUND auch im Sommer 2004 im Rahmen des Kinderferienprogramms „Kinderferienspaß“ der Stadt Höxter einen Naturerlebnis-Nachmittag. Am Mittwoch, dem 4. August 2004, führten Klaus und Maria Mengel zusammen mit Doris Belter vom NABU die interessierten Kinder im Alter von 7 bis 11 Jahren mit Spielen zum Thema rund um die Natur über den Ziegenberg. Dieser ist weit über die Grenzen Höxters bei Naturliebhabern wegen seiner besonderen Pflanzenvielfalt bekannt.