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The subject matter of this article is Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition as it has been exposed in his more recent book, Das Recht der Freiheit. Throughout the paper his attempts to describe injustices within modern capitalist societies using the notions of pathologies and anomie will be analyzed and criticized, especially from the viewpoint of their inability to deal with processes and contexts of disrecognition (Aberkennung). With help of this category, Honneth’s diagnosis regarding the moral progress in modern societies, as well as his notion of second order disorders, as injustices will be confronted and, hopefully, complemented.
While liberal, redistributive views seek to correct and compensate for past injustices, by resorting to compensatory, procedural arguments for corrective justice, the recognition-based, communitarian arguments tend to promote by means of social movements and struggles for recognition a society free from prejudice and disrespect. In developing democratic societies such as Brazil, Axel Honneth’s contribution to the ongoing debates on Affirmative Action has been evoked, confirming that the dialectics of recognition does not merely seek a theoretical solution to the structural and economic inequalities that constitute some of their worst social pathologies, but allows for practices of self-respect and subjectivation that defy all technologies of social control, as pointed out in Foucault’s critique of power. The phenomenological deficit of critical theory consists thus in recasting the critique of power with a view to unveiling lifeworldly practices that resist systemic domination.
O artigo pretende introduzir aos conceitos fundamentais da obra de Axel Honneth. Isso significa, dentre outras coisas, que não procura desenvolver aqui nenhuma tese específica a respeito da teoria do representante da terceira geração da Escola de Frankfurt. Procura, ao contrário, reconstruir da forma mais clara possível os argumentos centrais da teoria crítica de Axel Honneth, de forma a facilitar a leitura de sua obra e dos artigos publicados nesta revista.
Esta entrevista fue realizada por Francisco Cortés Rodas en el Instituto de Investigación Social de la Universidad de Frankfurt, en octubre de 2004.
Axel Honneth es uno de los filósofos políticos alemanes más representativos en la actualidad. Es profesor de filosofía en el Instituto de Filosofía de la Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main y actualmente director del Instituto de Investigación Social
O debate entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth sobre redistribuição e reconhecimento abarca uma multiplicidade de questões. Tomando como fio condutor a pergunta acerca da possibilidade de compreender o conjunto de injustiças existentes a partir do conceito de reconhecimento ou da necessidade de recorrer, para isso, ao par conceitual redistribuição e reconhecimento, este artigo tem como objetivo defender que a disputa entre o monismo de Honneth e o dualismo de Fraser remete a discordâncias em suas teorias sociais. A partir de uma reconstrução das críticas dirigidas pelos autores ao dualismo social de Jürgen Habermas, bem como das diferentes teorias sociais que desenvolvem com o intuito de resolvê-las, procuraremos também mostrar que as saídas encontradas por eles a essas dificuldades estão no centro do debate sobre redistribuição e reconhecimento e que Fraser, ao desenvolver um dualismo social perspectivo, adota uma posição intermediária àquelas sustentadas por Honneth e Habermas.
Neste artigo procuramos apresentar o conceito de reificação desenvolvido por Axel Honneth. Segundo o autor (2008), o conceito de reificação da forma que foi apropriado e resignificado tanto pela tradição marxista como outras correntes de pensamento, perderam de vista aspectos importantes para o entendimento da idéia de individualidade, no sentido moderno do termo. Seguimos as intuições do autor em apresentar o conceito de reificação como o esquecimento de uma condição elementar de reconhecimento intersubjetivo e da conseqüente pluralidade do mundo social.
The Austrian poet Franz Grillparzer is often presented in scholarly literature as an opponent of nationalism. Indeed, Grillparzer did oppose nationally motivated separatist tendencies, which he viewed as a threat to the existence of the supranational Habsburg Monarchy. However, his tragedy 'König Ottokars Glück und Ende' includes clear examples of the early Habsburg ideology which emerged along with the Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars (a time of nationalist tensions) and which - at least initially - was imbued with a form of German Romantic nationalism. This ideology is displayed by the character of Rudolf von Habsburg, who - in the spirit of Romantic nationalism - is depicted as the embodiment of Germany. Rudolf's fervent Germanness - which appears to have been one of the reasons behind Grillparzer's problems with censorship under the Metternich regime - is not only evident in the character's words, but also in the clothes he wears. The grey coat that is one of Rudolf's most distinctive features may be a reference to what was known as an 'Old German' folk costume ('Altdeutsche Tracht'); after the Napoleonic Wars, this garment became a symbol used by the German nationalist student movement known as the 'Burschenschaftler'.
The article analyzes Marlen Haushofer's novel 'The Wall' by means of the innovative research methods of Cultural and Literary Animal Studies. The paper focuses particularly on the analysis of human‑animal interactions in the novel and the differences in the behaviour of the literary human and animal characters (Animal Agency).
This paper has the double objective of introducing the reader to a derivational and comparative valency dictionary compiled from 2015 to 2018 at Masaryk University in Brno and of analyzing certain cross‑linguistic contrasts between German and Czech nominal derivation that are apparent from the material covered in the dictionary. The analysis suggests that there are fewer restrictions on forming verbal nominals in Czech than there are on forming nominalized infinitives in German.
Zu ausgewählten Aspekten der Selbstdarstellung von Ärzten auf deutschen Arztbewertungsportalen
(2019)
Doctors, like other professional groups, are subject to competition rules on the market. As a result, the issue of marketing in the field of medical services is becoming increasingly important. In recent years, the growing importance of doctor evaluation websites can be viewed from this perspective, as these websites give doctors opportunities for online self-presentation. The subject of this analysis is the profiles of doctors on one of the leading German doctor evaluation websites. The starting point for the analysis is the assumption that these websites not only contain information, but also appeal to readers, attempt to influence readers' attitudes, and consequently also contribute to the creation of a positive image of the doctor. Profiles are analyzed starting from a division into thematic blocks, with the help of which specific functions of these texts are implemented.
Together with its central complements, verbs model basic patterns of interaction. The constellations of these complements in turn correspond to central patterns of the argument structure. Nominative and accusative complements formally occupy the first and second positions (subject and object), but they also have certain semantic preferences. The formal function of the dative is less pronounced, where it occurs (ditransitive verbs) the semantic imprint of the frame ("transfer") is very strong. This corresponds to the meaning of a core group of corresponding verbs. Other verbs that allow this pattern are used more often in other valence structures and the ditransitive use appears as a systematic way of personal extension of object‑related activities. This will be discussed with reference to the verbs 'zeigen' and (in a different way) 'lehren'.
Background: Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent which has been shown to be effective in inducing and maintaining sleep in adults and is one of the most frequently prescribed hypnotics in the world. For drugs that are used to treat sleeping disorders, the time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax) of the drug in plasma is important to achieving a fast onset of action and this must be maintained when switching from one product to another.
Objectives: The main objective of the present work was to create a PBPK/PD model for zolpidem and establish a clinically relevant “safe space” for dissolution of zolpidem from the commercial immediate release (IR) formulation. A second objective was to analyze literature pharmacokinetic data to verify the negative food effect ascribed to zolpidem and consider its ramifications in terms of the “safe space” for dissolution.
Methods: Using dissolution, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, an integrated PBPK/PD model for immediate release zolpidem tablets was constructed in Simcyp®. This model was used to identify the clinically relevant dissolution specifications necessary to ensure efficacy.
Results: According to the simulations, as long as 85% of the drug is released in 45 minutes or less, the impact on the PK and PD profiles of zolpidem would be minimal. According to the FDA, the drug has to dissolve from the test and reference products at a similar rate and to an extent of 85% in not more than 30 minutes to pass bioequivalence via the BCS-biowaiver test. Thus, the BCS-biowaiver specifications are somewhat more stringent than the “safe space” based on the PBPK/PD model. Published data from fasted and fed state pharmacokinetic studies suggest but do not prove a negative food effect of zolpidem.
Conclusions: A PBPK/PD model indicates that current BCS biowaiver criteria are more restrictive for immediate release zolpidem tablets than they need to be. In view of the close relationship between PK and PD, it remains advisable to avoid taking zolpidem tablets with or immediately after a meal, as indicated by the Stilnox® labeling.
Die Tagung fand vom 23. bis 25. 5. 2019 am Institut für Germanistik der Universität Wrocław statt und wurde vom Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Linguistik und Institut für Slavistik der Universität Leipzig organisiert. An der Tagung haben sich 85 TeilnehmerInnen aus 16 Ländern der Welt beteiligt, die an drei Tagen 7 Plenarvorträge und 75 Vorträge in 12 Sektionen in drei Sprachen gehalten haben.
'Die schlesischen Weber' is one of the most famous German poems of all time. Frequently interpreted, the focus for the most part has been on its alleged political, historical and philosophical content, while its aesthetic form has been given only selective and fragmented attention. Based on Roman Jakobson's determination of the poetic function as combinatorial equivalence principle, this analysis acknowledges the poem as an important poetic work. It is demonstrated that all levels of its linguistic structure - rhythmic, phonetic, syntactic, lexical‑semantic, as well as its imagery - are interconnected in a complex way through both similar and contrasting relationships. Indeed, because of these relationships the formation of meaning is possible.
Vulgarisms, swear words and insults are a considerable and integral part of everyday language. They are used in various circumstances, such as releasing negative emotions and/or to hurt one’s feelings. These terms are also present in German and Polish song lyrics. The aim of the data analysis is to investigate functions and meanings of the lexeme 'Arsch' / 'dupa' in order to verify whether their usage in song lyrics is consistent with their definitions in dictionaries or exceeds them. The data sample comprises vulgarisms from 200 German and Polish rap and rock song lyrics. The main research area was the lexeme 'Arsch' / 'dupa', which is present in many word formation constructions in rock and rap song lyrics.
Translation is a complex activity which does not involve merely the translation of the given text from the source language to the target one, but also means observing many other aspects which need to be preserved in translation. What is more, every type of text has different requirements, depending on stylistic norms, cultural aspects etc. This paper focuses on popular science literature for children. In this area, the precision of the translation is not the sole criterion, but also the degree of equivalence in the comprehension of the source and target language texts plays a substantial role. Taking the example of a popular science book entitled "Tiere im Hohen Norden" by Hensel and Thiemeyer (1994) and its translation into Czech entitled "Severská zvířata", based on Göpferich's dimensions of comprehension, it is examined how the comprehension is preserved in the process of translation. Furthermore, it explores how and where modifications occur and their impact on the resulting translation.
Diverse approaches within linguistic-stylistic analysis clarify that the emotions at various text levels are conveyed appropriately in terms of this novel's narrative. This paper focuses on the emotions in the text with regard to the female character Klementine. Based on her speech profile, it can be demonstrated that she deliberately employs all the different aspects of both explicit and implicit conveyance of emotions. From the linguistic-stylistic viewpoint, it is manifest that with respect to her environment, the emotions surrounding this figure include a racial element. The analysis shows that the author is an outstanding narrator capable of creating suspense and depicting emotionally detailed situations. However, the expectations of the reader may not have been completely met.
The aim of this study is to examine economic terminology using the terminology database developed in the e-learning platform Moodle. The focus is on English terms from the daily press, their current position in German and Czech, and also on different equivalence types in their translation. Using digital reference works (Duden online, Management Mania, the English-German-Czech specialist dictionary Magnus Expert), the definitions and translations were searched for and interpreted, and the selected terms subsequently categorized into groups. It is shown that the terminology database in Moodle is not a well-studied source for lexicographical, translational and general linguistic research, although it offers a wide range of different Internet-based methodological approaches.
The paper will focus on the analysis of selected linguistic markers of argumentation structures in Czech and German. On the basis of corpus‑based analysis, I work with the assumption that argumentation structures are one of the parameters of equivalence in translation. The theoretical starting point for this analysis is the hypothesis that the linguistic form of arguments has a significant impact on their identification and potential. In my paper, I will pursue the following specific questions: 1) What are the linguistic markers of argument strength / weakness in German and in Czech? 2) How do the mutual relationships between structure and linguistic outcome change as a result of the translation? 3) Might the effects resulting from the translation of the argumentation structures be interpreted as processes of explicitation and implicitation? 4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of working with a parallel corpus as a basis for the analysis of the translation of local argumentative structures? Since the structures of argumentation are one of the elementary fundamentals of a text, issues connected to their translation represent one of the central research interests in Translation Studies.
O presente objeto de pesquisa busca proceder ao estudo e identificação dos traços essenciais envolvidos na abordagem teórica das relações sociais e políticas trazidas na obra O Direito da Liberdade do filósofo alemão Axel Honneth. Faz-se uma análise da influência hegeliana sobre o conceito de liberdade, assim como dos fatores relacionados com o suprimento das carências subjetivas, mediadas pelas diferentes “esferas” sociais. Honneth, assim, procura trazer à tona a compreensão de um novo modelo de liberdade advindo da Filosofia do Direito de Hegel, o qual se distingue substancialmente dos modelos tradicionais. O autor busca evidenciar a limitação das teorias da justiça de tradição liberal, invocando a necessidade de uma visão integrada das relações sociais experimentadas nas esferas referidas por Hegel, concebendo-se uma experiência concreta de liberdade social. Nesse sentido, evidencia-se o caráter interdisciplinar e emancipatório do método de reconstrução normativa como base teórica para a justificação pública nas sociedades modernas.
El presente artículo se ocupa del problema de si existen formas de reconocimiento moral y social caracterizables como ideológicas, analizando qué propiedades de tales modos de reconocimiento justifican tal calificación. Pretende, además, articular un criterio que permita dirimir normativamente entre formas ideológicas y no ideológicas de reconocimiento. Este criterio será puesto a prueba en el análisis crítico de discursos actuales que reivindican el carácter de reconocimiento social para recientes transformaciones del mercado laboral en el mundo desarrollado.
Este artículo presenta una lectura crítica de un trabajo central de Axel Honneth desde la teoría de la sujeción de Judith Butler. Intenta mostrar que, por la ausencia en su escrito de una consideración sobre el poder, el pensador alemán no logra cumplir satisfactoriamente su objetivo propuesto de enfrentar las posturas que cuestionan el potencial crítico del reconocimiento. La hipótesis que aquí se maneja es que esa ausencia está ligada a su definición del reconocimiento como lo contrario de las prácticas de dominio o sometimiento. Ahora bien, Honneth afirma que el escepticismo de esas posturas respecto del reconocimiento se basa en la idea de que toda praxis recognoscente reproduce de alguna manera el orden social dominante. El presente trabajo se propone entonces, cuestionar esta aseveración del autor advirtiendo que un análisis sobre el modo en que el poder actúa en las prácticas cotidianas de reconocimiento no necesariamente conlleva una renuncia de la función crítica del concepto para la teoría social. Más bien, como sugiere la noción butleriana (y foucaultiana) de crítica, sólo enmarcando al reconocimiento en el horizonte normativo que lo delimita puede convertirse en la base de la indagación social.
Tras presentar una somera panorámicade la evolución experimentada por la noción de «comunidad» desde Aristóteles hasta Hegel, este trabajo se detiene a analizar la célebre distinción acuñada por Ferdinand Tónnies entre sociedad y comunidad. Mientrasen Europa se tergiversaron enfoques teóricos como el de Tónnies hasta propiciar el surgimiento de auténticas aberraciones políticas, al contribuir involuntariamente a la creación del mito de la «comunidad del pueblo», en los Estados Unidos el debate sobre la «comunidad» siempre representó un ingrediente indispensable para una mejor comprensión de la sociedad liberal. Aun cuando, a partir de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el concepto de «comunidad» brillópor su ausencia en las reflexiones de la teoría política, durante los últimos años la discusión en torno al «comunitarismo» ha estimulado una inesperada revitalización del mismo y su presencia en toda suerte de consideraciones morales, políticas o sociológicas.
Background: While systemic inflammation is recognized as playing a central role in the pathogenesis of organ failures in patients with liver cirrhosis, less is known about its relevance in the development of classical hepatic decompensation. Aim: To characterize the relationship between systemic inflammation, hemodynamics, and anemia with decompensation of liver cirrhosis. Methods: This is a post-hoc analysis of a cohort study of outpatients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Results: Analysis included 338 patients of whom 51 patients (15%) were hospitalized due to decompensation of liver cirrhosis during a median follow-up time of six months. In univariate analysis, active alcoholism (p = 0.002), model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (p = 0.00002), serum IL-6 concentration (p = 0.006), heart rate (p = 0.03), low arterial blood pressure (p < 0.05), maximal portal venous flow (p = 0.008), and low hemoglobin concentration (p < 0.00001) were associated with hospitalization during follow-up. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association of low hemoglobin (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.51–0.78, p = 0.001) and serum IL-6 concentration (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01–1.04, p = 0.03)—but not of hemodynamic parameters—with hepatic decompensation. An inverse correlation between hemoglobin concentration and portal venous flow (R = −0.362, p < 0.0001) was detected for the non-hospitalized patients. Accuracy of baseline hemoglobin levels for predicting hospitalization (AUC = 0.84, p < 0.000001) was high. Conclusion: Anemia and systemic inflammation, rather than arterial circulatory dysfunction, are strong and independent predictors of hepatic decompensation in outpatients with liver cirrhosis.
Background: Sepsis frequently occurs after major trauma and is closely associated with dysregulations in the inflammatory/complement and coagulation system. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) plays a dual role as an anti-fibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory factor by downregulating complement anaphylatoxin C5a. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between TAFI and C5a levels and the development of post-traumatic sepsis. Furthermore, the predictive potential of both TAFI and C5a to indicate sepsis occurrence in polytraumatized patients was assessed. Methods: Upon admission to the emergency department (ED) and daily for the subsequent ten days, circulating levels of TAFI and C5a were determined in 48 severely injured trauma patients (injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 16). Frequency matching according to the ISS in septic vs. non-septic patients was performed. Trauma and physiologic characteristics, as well as outcomes, were assessed. Statistical correlation analyses and cut-off values for predicting sepsis were calculated. Results: Fourteen patients developed sepsis, while 34 patients did not show any signs of sepsis (no sepsis). Overall injury severity, as well as demographic parameters, were comparable between both groups (ISS: 25.78 ± 2.36 no sepsis vs. 23.46 ± 2.79 sepsis). Septic patients had significantly increased C5a levels (21.62 ± 3.14 vs. 13.40 ± 1.29 ng/mL; p < 0.05) and reduced TAFI levels upon admission to the ED (40,951 ± 5637 vs. 61,865 ± 4370 ng/mL; p < 0.05) compared to the no sepsis group. Negative correlations between TAFI and C5a (p = 0.0104) and TAFI and lactate (p = 0.0423) and positive correlations between C5a and lactate (p = 0.0173), as well as C5a and the respiratory rate (p = 0.0266), were found. In addition, correlation analyses of both TAFI and C5a with the sequential (sepsis-related) organ failure assessment (SOFA) score have confirmed their potential as early sepsis biomarkers. Cut-off values for predicting sepsis were 54,857 ng/mL for TAFI with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.7550 (p = 0.032) and 17 ng/mL for C5a with an AUC of 0.7286 (p = 0.034). Conclusion: The development of sepsis is associated with early decreased TAFI and increased C5a levels after major trauma. Both elevated C5a and decreased TAFI may serve as promising predictive factors for the development of sepsis after polytrauma.
Neste artigo, que é originalmente um discurso de posse no Instituto Otto Suhr na Universidade Livre de Berlin, Axel Honneth esboça o programa de uma teoria intersubjetiva do reconhecimento, utilizando esta última categoria como o núcleo conceitual de uma Teoria Crítica da sociedade na qual a experiência pré-cientifica de desrespeito às expectativas sociais se conecta à formação de demandas emancipatórias.
L’autor sosté que el que caracteritza les societats liberals democràtiques és un cert grau d’intersubjectivitati cohesió. Segons ells, els liberals coincideixen amb els comunitaristes aconsiderar que aquestes característiques només poden aparèixer en la forma de «comunitat».Partint d’aquesta coincidència, argumenta, primer, presentant un concepte mínim de comunitaten el qual tots els comunitaristes estarien d’acord i que conté, com a nucli, el supòsitque l’autorealització humana va unida a una praxi vital comunitària. Aquesta autorealitzaciórau en l’estimació mútua entre els qui viuen en societat. La qüestió és establir relacionsde solidaritat de manera que les capacitats de l’altre puguin fer possible l’enriquimentde la pròpia vida. El concepte mínim de comunitat postradicional es definirà finalmentcom aquesta forma de solidaritat que implica estimació mútua i que, alhora, uneix amb elsupòsit de valors compartits.
Neste texto, analisam-se o conceito de grupo e suas manifestações, buscando contrapor às perspectivas categoriais da psicanálise e da teoria sociológica, consideradas incompletas em razão de estilizações unilaterais que impedem uma conexão conceitual básica entre as duas disciplinas, uma terminologia que, de partida, seja neutra frente às alternativas positiva e negativa de inserção do eu no grupo. Para tanto, o grupo, independentemente de seu tamanho e tipo, inicialmente deve ser compreendido como um mecanismo social fundado na necessidade ou no interesse psíquico do indivíduo, porque o auxilia na estabilidade e ampliação pessoais. O artigo descreve, em linhas gerais, o arcabouço categorial unificado, recorrendo ao conceito do reconhecimento. Num primeiro passo, apresenta-se brevemente a premissa de que a dependência individual de experiências de reconhecimento social explica por que o sujeito individualmente aspira a ser membro em diferentes modelos de agrupamentos sociais. Num segundo passo, tenta-se corrigir a imagem idealizada de grupo anteriormente introduzida, ao tematizar as tendências regressivas que frequentemente codeterminam a vivência no grupo. Por fim, segue-se a ideia de retirar gradativamente aquelas idealizações que estavam na base da premissa inicial de uma diluição harmônica do eu no nós do grupo.
La educación y el espacio público democrático. Un capítulo descuidado en la filosofía política
(2013)
En este trabajo se examina la relación interna entre educación y democracia, así como la razón por la cual, pese a su papel crucial en la formación de culturas democráticas, esta relación se ha hecho problemática. Con el fin de mostrar, en primer lugar, qué consecuencias negativas tiene para la vida política contemporánea esta ruptura entre pedagogía y filosofía política y, en segundo lugar, cómo superarlas, este artículo explora algunos malentendidos básicos en torno a las condiciones culturales para la democracia y el papel neutral del Estado, finalizando con la propuesta de un programa renovado de educación democrática.
Contrariamente à percepção cotidiana de que os atores estatais têm como objetivo de suas ações o respeito e o reconhecimento da comunidade por eles representada, prevalece na moderna teoria predominante das relações internacionais a noção de que os governos nacionais orientam seu agir essencialmente a fins e não com base em princípios morais. O texto destaca as razões que falam a favor de uma maior consideração da dimensão do reconhecimento na explicação das relações internacionais e explora as implicações normativas que surgem a partir de tal mudança de paradigma para a compreensão e o tratamento das relações internacionais. Narrativas justificadoras da ação política recebem aqui um papel destacado
O texto se ocupa com a questão da interpretação da obra de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, em particular com suas referências sobre a dependência constitutiva em relação aos outros. Vista negativamente na crítica da cultura, mas positivamente nos esboços de um contrato social, o lugar dessa dependência constitutiva da confirmação e estima por parte dos outros está vinculada ao significado dado ao “amor próprio” nos diferentes textos; mas ela abre a possibilidade de interpretar Rousseau como um teórico do reconhecimento. O autor acompanha Rousseau em seu desenvolvimento teórico até o ponto em que ele se tornou consciente das exigências de uma forma sociocontratual, igualitária do reconhecimento mútuo, para depois expor a enorme influência que a ideia bipolar de Rousseau a respeito do reconhecimento social exerceu sobre a teoria social da modernidade: em sua variante negativa, a profunda necessidade dos seres humanos de sobrepujar os respectivos cossujeitos no grau de estima social, reinterpretada por Kant como sendo a força motriz do progresso cultural e social, e em sua variante positiva, o respeito mútuo entre iguais, desenvolvido por Fichte e Hegel na direção de uma teoria do reconhecimento relacionada ao direito e à moralidade. No final, Honneth discute o ceticismo com que Rousseau sempre viu a dependência de outros contida no “amor próprio”, deixando sem solução definitiva a tensão entre a ideia estoica de uma independência pessoal de toda avaliação alheia e a ideia intersubjetivista de uma profunda dependência do outro. (Resumo do editor).
Low-to-moderate quality meta-analytic evidence shows that motor control stabilisation exercise (MCE) is an effective treatment of non-specific low back pain. A possible approach to overcome the weaknesses of traditional meta-analyses would be that of a prospective meta-analyses. The aim of the present analysis was to generate high-quality evidence to support the view that motor control stabilisation exercises (MCE) lead to a reduction in pain intensity and disability in non-specific low back pain patients when compared to a control group. In this prospective meta-analysis and sensitivity multilevel meta-regression within the MiSpEx-Network, 18 randomized controlled study arms were included. Participants with non-specific low back pain were allocated to an intervention (individualized MCE, 12 weeks) or a control group (no additive exercise intervention). From each study site/arm, outcomes at baseline, 3 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months were pooled. The outcomes were current pain (NRS or VAS, 11 points scale), characteristic pain intensity, and subjective disability. A random effects meta-analysis model for continuous outcomes to display standardized mean differences between intervention and control was performed, followed by sensitivity multilevel meta-regressions. Overall, 2391 patients were randomized; 1976 (3 weeks, short-term), 1740 (12 weeks, intermediate), and 1560 (6 months, sustainability) participants were included in the meta-analyses. In the short-term, intermediate and sustainability, moderate-to-high quality evidence indicated that MCE has a larger effect on current pain (SMD = −0.15, −0.15, −0.19), pain intensity (SMD = −0.19, −0.26, −0.26) and disability (SMD = −0.15, −0.27, −0.25) compared with no exercise intervention. Low-quality evidence suggested that those patients with comparably intermediate current pain and older patients may profit the most from MCE. Motor control stabilisation exercise is an effective treatment for non-specific low back pain. Sub-clinical intermediate pain and middle-aged patients may profit the most from this intervention.
O texto tenta, num primeiro passo, mostrar que a textura intrínseca da justiça não consiste em bens distribuíveis, mas em relações sociais comumente aceitas que são constituídas por práticas perpassadas de conteúdo moral. Nessas práticas podem ser encontradas aquelas que definem o que significa tratar uma outra pessoa de forma razoável ou justa. Se este ponto de partida é convincente, então algumas consequências metodológicas sobre o conceito de justiça tem que ser tiradas e que são apresentados na segunda etapa: ao invés de construir um procedimento normativo que nos permite deduzir o conteúdo de justiça, temos de começar pela reconstrução das práticas sociais que nos informam sobre o respeito à justiça. O resultado será, tal como indicado em uma terceira etapa, a pluralização do nosso conceito de justiça, que inclui tanto princípios relevantes da justiça como há formas de relações sociais geralmente aceitas e apreciadas.
A pergunta que move o presente artigo é: como a categoria trabalho social deveria ser incluída no marco de uma teoria social para que, dentro dela, abra uma perspectiva de melhoria qualitativa que não seja utópica? Para dar conta desse problema complexo, o autor sugere num primeiro passo, mais metodológico, o emprego da distinção entre crítica externa e imanente para o propósito de uma crítica das relações de trabalho existentes. Num segundo passo, o autor procura mostrar que o trabalho social só poderá assumir legitimamente este papel de uma norma imanente se ele for conectado às condições de reconhecimento na moderna troca de realizações (Leistungen). São reconstruídas duas condições a partir de Hegel e de Durkheim: uma organização justa do trabalho social necessita remunerar suficientemente o trabalhador para prover-lhe condições socialmente dignas de sobrevivência e precisa estar estruturado de modo a que suas tarefas permitam ao indivíduo trabalhador perceber nelas uma contribuição para a coletividade e relacioná-la com o restante dos trabalhos socialmente necessários.
In the course of a growing start-up market and strongly increasing investment volume, investors try to predict the success of a business as precisely as possible in advance. However, when assessing the personality of the founder or founding team, they still rely far too often on their gut feeling, thereby reducing the quality of their decisions. Our study therefore aimed at investigating whether there are any relationships between the founders' personality traits and their performance and thus justifying the need for more targeted and optimized diagnostics in the field of founder personality. With a total of 141 founders, clear correlations between personality traits (conscientiousness, emotional stability) and performance could be demonstrated in the present study. In addition, it became evident that perceived stress is also related to the founders’ personality (emotional stability negative, conscientiousness positive) and in turn has a negative effect on performance. Our findings contribute to raising awareness of the importance of personality as a predictor of founders' performance, improving decision-making, and, in the long run, replacing gut feeling as an inappropriate assessment criterion of investors.
Background: More than 170 species of tabanids are known in Europe, with many occurring only in limited areas or having become very rare in the last decades. They continue to spread various diseases in animals and are responsible for livestock losses in developing countries. The current monitoring and recording of horseflies is mainly conducted throughout central Europe, with varying degrees of frequency depending on the country. To the detriment of tabanid research, little cooperation exists between western European and Eurasian countries.
Methods: For these reasons, we have compiled available sources in order to generate as complete a dataset as possible of six horsefly species common in Europe. We chose Haematopota pluvialis, Chrysops relictus, C. caecutiens, Tabanus bromius, T. bovinus and T. sudeticus as ubiquitous and abundant species within Europe. The aim of this study is to estimate the distribution, land cover usage and niches of these species. We used a surface-range envelope (SRE) model in accordance with our hypothesis of an underestimated distribution based on Eurocentric monitoring regimes.
Results: Our results show that all six species have a wide range in Eurasia, have a broad climatic niche and can therefore be considered as widespread generalists. Areas with modelled habitat suitability cover the observed distribution and go far beyond these. This supports our assumption that the current state of tabanid monitoring and the recorded distribution significantly underestimates the actual distribution. Our results show that the species can withstand extreme weather and climatic conditions and can be found in areas with only a few frost-free months per year. Additionally, our results reveal that species prefer certain land-cover environments and avoid other land-cover types.
Conclusions: The SRE model is an effective tool to calculate the distribution of species that are well monitored in some areas but poorly in others. Our results support the hypothesis that the available distribution data underestimate the actual distribution of the surveyed species.
O texto discute a relação entre a educação e a organização democrática do governo republicano. Para o autor, pelo menos desde Kant os teóricos clássicos da filosofia política estavam convencidos de que uma boa educação e uma ordem estatal republicana dependem uma da outra: formar cidadãos para a liberdade para que, como cidadãos autônomos institucionalizem uma educação pública que possibilite a seus filhos o caminho para a maioridade política. Mas ele constata hoje um divórcio entre as gêmeas teorias da democracia e da educação. Razões que podem ter levado a essa cisão ele localiza na combinação, por afinidades eletivas, entre uma concepção truncada de democracia, que dependeria de comunidades tradicionais e mesmo religiosas para reproduzir suas bases ético-culturais, e uma falsa concepção normativa de neutralidade do estado, que culmina concebendo os professores não mais como servidores públicos a serviço do estado democrático de direito, mas como servidores dos pais. Em contraposição ao desacoplamento entre a formação do cidadão autônomo e do governo autônomo dos cidadãos, entre pedagogia e teoria política, ele reconstrói, a partir dos clássicos da teoria social, a concepção sobre um nexo fundamental entre educação e liberdade política, entre formação e democracia. Longe de advogar por uma volta à escola tradicional, o autor chama a atenção para dois grandes desafios que juntas, pedagogia e teoria democrática precisam enfrentar: o impacto da revolução digital sobre a esfera pública e a crescente heterogeneidade cultural dos cidadãos, em especial nas democracias ocidentais, para que a educação torne a ser o lugar do aprendizado da cultura democrática.
O texto responde a críticas feitas ao pequeno livro publicado sob o título Reitifiação no qual o autor pretendia recuperar na herança da teoria de Marx o conceito reificação á luz da teoria do reconhecimento. O texto primeiro busca precisar o marco de referência dentro do qual foi feita originalmente a tentativa de recuperar o conceito reificação, enfatizando sua interpretação literal. Em seguida, o texto trata de problemas específicos que resultam da sugestão de entender reificação como uma forma de esquecimento do reconhecimento. Tomando como premissa que o próximo (Mitmensch) é reconhecido pré-cognitivamente, o autor defende que a rotinização e habitualização de práticas sociais com objetivos desumanizantes automatizados pode levar ao esquecimento do reconhecimento original da outra pessoa
Reduced external knee adduction moments in the second half of stance after total hip replacement have been reported in hip osteoarthritis patients. This reduction is thought to shift the load from the medial to the lateral knee compartment and as such increase the risk for knee osteoarthritis. The knee adduction moment is a surrogate for the load distribution between the medial and lateral compartments of the knee and not a valid measure for the tibiofemoral contact forces which are the result of externally applied forces and muscle forces. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the distribution of the tibiofemoral contact forces over the knee compartments in unilateral hip osteoarthritis patients 1 year after receiving a primary total hip replacement differs from healthy controls. Musculoskeletal modeling on gait was performed in OpenSim using the detailed knee model of Lerner et al. (2015) for 19 patients as well as for 15 healthy controls of similar age. Knee adduction moments were calculated by the inverse dynamics analysis, medial and lateral tibiofemoral contact forces with the joint reaction force analysis. Moments and contact forces of patients and controls were compared using Statistical Parametric Mapping two-sample t-tests. Knee adduction moments and medial tibiofemoral contact forces of both the ipsi- and contralateral leg were not significantly different compared to healthy controls. The contralateral leg showed 14% higher medial tibiofemoral contact forces compared to the ipsilateral (operated) leg during the second half of stance. During the first half of stance, the lateral tibiofemoral contact force of the contralateral leg was 39% lower and the ratio 32% lower compared to healthy controls. In contrast, during the second half of stance the forces were significantly higher (39 and 26%, respectively) compared to healthy controls. The higher ratio indicates a changed distribution whereas the increased lateral tibiofemoral contact forces indicate a higher lateral knee joint loading in the contralateral leg in OA patients after total hip replacement (THR). Musculoskeletal modeling using a detailed knee model can be useful to detect differences in the load distribution between the medial and lateral knee compartment which cannot be verified with the knee adduction moment.
Em alguns de seus trabalhos Talcott Parsons descreveu o estabelecimento das sociedades modernas como um processo de diferenciação de diversas esferas de reconhecimento recíproco. Neste texto eu uso a teoria social do reconhecimento de Parsons para examinar características de conflitos sociais recentes. Começo expondo a descrição que Parsons fez das lutas por reconhecimento ocorridas nas sociedades altamente industrializadas de sua época. Depois tomo a concepção de Parsons sobre conflitos por reconhecimento normativamente orientados para indicar tendências que levaram a uma gradual erosão das estruturas de pacificação social postuladas por Parsons nas últimas décadas do século 20. Descrevo as consequências iniciais dessa desintegração como uma “barbarização” dos conflitos sociais. Por barbarizado entendo um estágio da sociedade em que as lutas por reconhecimento social escalaram e se tornaram anômicas, uma vez que não podem mais ser resolvidas nas esferas sistêmicas estabelecidas de negociação. Este texto revela a importância do conceito de reconhecimento para a teoria social ao acompanhar Parsons na análise de transformações estruturais que atualmente emergem em resposta a conflitos sociais. Resumo do editor.
Objective: Many patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) do not immediately undergo radical prostatectomy (RP) after biopsy confirmation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of “time-from-biopsy-to- prostatectomy” on adverse pathological outcomes.
Materials and Methods: Between January 2014 and December 2019, 437 patients with intermediate- and high risk PCa who underwent RP were retrospectively identified within our prospective institutional database. For the aim of our study, we focused on patients with intermediate- (n = 285) and high-risk (n = 151) PCa using D'Amico risk stratification. Endpoints were adverse pathological outcomes and proportion of nerve-sparing procedures after RP stratified by “time-from-biopsy-to-prostatectomy”: ≤3 months vs. >3 and < 6 months. Medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) were reported for continuously coded variables. The chi-square test examined the statistical significance of the differences in proportions while the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine differences in medians. Multivariable (ordered) logistic regressions, analyzing the impact of time between diagnosis and prostatectomy, were separately run for all relevant outcome variables (ISUP specimen, margin status, pathological stage, pathological nodal status, LVI, perineural invasion, nerve-sparing).
Results: We observed no difference between patients undergoing RP ≤3 months vs. >3 and <6 months after diagnosis for the following oncological endpoints: pT-stage, ISUP grading, probability of a positive surgical margin, probability of lymph node invasion (LNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and perineural invasion (pn) in patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa. Likewise, the rates of nerve sparing procedures were 84.3 vs. 87.4% (p = 0.778) and 61.0% vs. 78.8% (p = 0.211), for intermediate- and high-risk PCa patients undergoing surgery after ≤3 months vs. >3 and <6 months, respectively. In multivariable adjusted analyses, a time to surgery >3 months did not significantly worsen any of the outcome variables in patients with intermediate- or high-risk PCa (all p > 0.05).
Conclusion: A “time-from-biopsy-to-prostatectomy” of >3 and <6 months is neither associated with adverse pathological outcomes nor poorer chances of nerve sparing RP in intermediate- and high-risk PCa patients.
Embora a ideia de “patologias sociais” ou “enfermidades” de uma sociedade inteira tenha sido bastante comum desde o Segundo Discurso de Rousseau, e especialmente proeminente dentro da tradição da teoria crítica, não está claro a quem exatamente se referea proposição de ter adoecido. Será apenas um número suficiente de pessoas individuais, será o coletivo entendido como um macro-sujeito, ou é a “sociedade” em si que foi acometida por uma desorganização específica de suas instituições sociais, afetando sua eficiência funcional de tal forma que se pode falar de uma “doença” especificamente social? Para todas as três atribuições, ou seja, as pessoas individualmente com suas doenças, a coletividade com a sua síndrome clínica particular, ou a própria sociedade como adoecida, podem ser encontrados casos na literatura correspondente. A fim de encontrar uma saída para essas perplexidades conceituais que estão no cerne dessa maneira de falar, abordo as propostas teóricas de Alexander Mitscherlich e Sigmund Freud, ambos defensores de um conceito específico de “patologias sociais” ou “enfermidades” baseado em ideias psicanalíticas. O resultado da minha reconstrução crítica será que somente uma compreensão da sociedade como uma entidade orgânica permite um uso não redutor da ideia de “patologias sociais”.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical posttranscriptional regulators of the immune system, including function and development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Although this critical role has been firmly demonstrated through genetic models, key mechanisms of miRNA function in vivo remain elusive. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in Treg cell development and function. In particular, we focus on the question what the study of miRNAs in this context reveals about miRNA biology in general, including context-dependent function and the role of individual targets vs. complex co-targeting networks. In addition, we highlight potential technical pitfalls and state-of-the-art approaches to improve the mechanistic understanding of miRNA biology in a physiological context.
Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer, the number of patients that benefit from this revolutionary treatment option remains low. Therefore, efforts are being undertaken to sensitize tumors for immune checkpoint blockade, which includes combining immune checkpoint blocking agents such as anti-PD-1 antibodies with standard of care treatments. Here we report that a combination of chemotherapy (doxorubicin) and immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD-1 antibodies) induces superior tumor control compared to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade alone in the murine autochthonous polyoma middle T oncogene-driven (PyMT) mammary tumor model. Using whole transcriptome analysis, we identified a set of genes that were upregulated specifically upon chemoimmunotherapy. This gene signature and, more specifically, a condensed four-gene signature predicted favorable survival of human mammary carcinoma patients in the METABRIC cohort. Moreover, PyMT tumors treated with chemoimmunotherapy contained higher levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes, particularly natural killer cells (NK cells). Gene set enrichment analysis and bead-based ELISA measurements revealed increased IL-27 production and signaling in PyMT tumors upon chemoimmunotherapy. Moreover, IL-27 signaling improved NK cell cytotoxicity against PyMT cells in vitro. Taken together, our data support recent clinical observations indicating a benefit of chemoimmunotherapy compared to monotherapy in breast cancer and suggest potential underlying mechanisms.
Although cyclophosphamide (CP) has been used successfully in the clinic for over 50 years, it has so far not been possible to elucidate the mechanism of action and to use it for improvement. This was not possible because the basis of the mechanism of action of CP, which was found by lucky coincidence, is apoptosis, the discovery of which was honored with the Nobel Prize only in 2002. Another reason was that results from cell culture experiments were used to elucidate the mechanism of action, ignoring the fact that in vivo metabolism differs from in vitro conditions. In vitro, toxic acrolein is formed during the formation of the cytotoxic metabolite phosphoreamidemustard (PAM), whereas in vivo proapoptotic hydroxypropanal (HPA) is formed. The CP metabolites formed in sequence 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (OHCP) are the main cause of toxicity, aldophosphamide (ALDO) is the pharmacologically active metabolite and HPA amplifies the cytotoxic apoptosis initiated by DNA alkylation by PAM. It is shown that toxicity is drastically reduced but anti-tumor activity strongly increased by the formation of ALDO bypassing OHCP. Furthermore, it is shown that the anti-tumor activity against advanced solid P388 tumors that grow on CD2F1 mice is increased by orders of magnitude if DNA damage caused by a modified PAM is poorly repairable. View Full-Text
Motivation: Calculating the magnitude of treatment effects or of differences between two groups is a common task in quantitative science. Standard effect size measures based on differences, such as the commonly used Cohen's, fail to capture the treatment-related effects on the data if the effects were not reflected by the central tendency. The present work aims at (i) developing a non-parametric alternative to Cohen’s d, which (ii) circumvents some of its numerical limitations and (iii) involves obvious changes in the data that do not affect the group means and are therefore not captured by Cohen’s d.
Results: We propose "Impact” as a novel non-parametric measure of effect size obtained as the sum of two separate components and includes (i) a difference-based effect size measure implemented as the change in the central tendency of the group-specific data normalized to pooled variability and (ii) a data distribution shape-based effect size measure implemented as the difference in probability density of the group-specific data. Results obtained on artificial and empirical data showed that “Impact”is superior to Cohen's d by its additional second component in detecting clearly visible effects not reflected in central tendencies. The proposed effect size measure is invariant to the scaling of the data, reflects changes in the central tendency in cases where differences in the shape of probability distributions between subgroups are negligible, but captures changes in probability distributions as effects and is numerically stable even if the variances of the data set or its subgroups disappear.
Conclusions: The proposed effect size measure shares the ability to observe such an effect with machine learning algorithms. Therefore, the proposed effect size measure is particularly well suited for data science and artificial intelligence-based knowledge discovery from big and heterogeneous data.
Partiendo de una breve descripción de las características del modelo comunitarista de integración social con el propósito de marcar distancia y aclarar algunos malentendidos en lo relativo a sus vínculos con la Sittlichkeit hegeliana, en el presente trabajo se analizan algunos de los textos claves de Hegel en los cuales se aprecia su comprensión de la unidad política. Ligado a ello, se intenta reconstruir la noción de integración que se desprende de dichos textos para, finalmente, concluir con algunas reflexiones en torno al potencial de una teoría de inspiración hegeliana para analizar determinados fenómenos vinculados, en la actualidad, con los conceptos de desintegración y exclusión social.
Sobre la libertad política
(1998)
Este artículo presenta un argumento en favor de un concepción intersubjetivista de la libertad política constituida por cinco diferentes nociones de autonomía: moral, ética, legal, política y social. Más allá de las nociones estrictamente liberales o comunitarias, negativas o positivas, el concepto de libertad política incluye todas aquellas libertades que los ciudadanos, en tanto continentes y usuarios autónomos de la libertad, pueden conceder y garantizar de forma recíproca y general. Así, en la base de este concepto reposa un principio de justiticación moral y política.
The subfamily Bromelioideae is one of the most diverse groups among the neotropical Bromeliaceae. Previously, key innovations have been identified which account for the extraordinary radiation and species richness of this subfamily, especially in the so-called core Bromelioideae. However, in order to extend our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms, the genomic mechanisms (e.g. polyploidy, dysploidy) that potentially underlie this accelerated speciation also need to be tested. Here, using PI and DAPI staining and flow cytometry we estimated genome size and GC content of 231 plants covering 30 genera and 165 species and combined it with published data. The evolutionary and ecological significance of all three genomic characters was tested within a previously generated dated phylogenetic framework using ancestral state reconstructions, comparative phylogenetic methods, and multiple regressions with climatic variables. The absolute genome size (2C) of Bromelioideae varied between 0.59 and 4.11 pg, and the GC content ranged between 36.73 and 41.43%. The monoploid genome sizes (Cx) differed significantly between core and early diverging lineages. The occurrence of dysploidy and polyploidy was, with few exceptions, limited to the phylogenetically isolated early diverging tank-less lineages. For Cx and GC content Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models outperformed the Brownian motion models suggesting adaptive potential linked to the temperature conditions. 2C-values revealed different rates of evolution in core and early diverging lineages also related to climatic conditions. Our results suggest that polyploidy is not associated with higher net diversification and fast radiation in core bromelioids. On the other hand, although coupled with higher extinction rates, dysploidy, polyploidy, and resulting genomic reorganizations might have played a role in the survival of the early diverging bromelioids in hot and arid environments.
Este artículo propone la reconstrucción del punto de vista moral sobre la base de una compleja teoría del reconocimiento mutuo. Su punto de partida consiste en la comprensión del Hegel temprano de la lucha por el reconocimiento como el proceso dinámico de establecer distintas formas de afirmación mutua de la propia identidad en las relaciones de amor, respeto legal y moral, y estima social. Su punto de llegada es la afirmación de diferentes tipos de obligaciones en los diferentes contextos sociales, a saber, deberes asimétricos de cuidar de los demás en sus necesidades y deseos individuales, deberes recíprocos de tratar igualitariamente a cada persona, y deberes de demostrar solidaridad y estimar a los demás en su particularidad.
Con la finalidad de responder positivamente a la pregunta planteada en el título de este trabajo, el autor presenta y cuestiona, en primer Jugar, el supuesto filosófico tradicional, por el que se hace depender al lenguaje unilateralmente de la intenciones moralmente relevantes de los individuos. Expone luego las estaciones del fracaso de los intentos de fundamentación moral sobre la base del solipsismo metódico de la filosofía moderna antes del giro pragmático-lingüístico. Y defiende finalmente la posición de la fundamentación pragmático-trascendental última frente a las interpretaciones relativistas del mencionado giro de la filosofía contemporánea.
No como el ganado, por pastar en el mismo lugar. Amistad y amor en Aristóteles y Hugh LaFollete
(1999)
¿Debería gobernar la justicia en las relaciones personales cercanas, como por ejemplo en el dar y recibir entre hombres y mujeres? ¿O es que estas relaciones se hallan más allá de la justicia? El presente artículo defiende, basándose en Aristóteles, el llamado feminista por la justicia sexual, (aun) en las relaciones personales cercanas, en oposición, entre otras, a la objeción de perversión de Hugh LaFollette planteada en 1996. De acuerdo a esta objeción, el llamado por la justicia en relaciones personales cercanas socava o pervierte el amor y la amistad, dando Jugar a relaciones de intercambio interesadas.
¿Debería gobernar la justicia en las relaciones personales cercanas, como por ejemplo en el dar y recibir entre hombres y mujeres? ¿O es que estas relaciones se hallan más allá de la justicia? El presente artículo defiende, basándose en Aristóteles, el llamado feminista por la justicia sexual, (aun) en las relaciones personales cercanas, en oposición, entre otras, a la objeción de perversión de Hugh LaFollette planteada en 1996. De acuerdo a esta objeción, el llamado por la justicia en relaciones personales cercanas socava o pervierte el amor y la amistad, dando Jugar a relaciones de intercambio interesadas.
Das Thema "Heine und Goethe" scheint im wesentlichen erledigt, die wichtigen Stationen von Heines Auseinandersetzung mit der geliebten und gehaßten literarischen Vaterfigur sind beschrieben und untersucht. Zwei Perspektiven auf die Beziehung des 50 Jahre Jüngeren zum Weimarer Klassiker und Staatsminister herrschen dabei vor. Die eine hat ein Interesse, das man als biographisch-ideologisch bezeichnen könnte: Wie steht Heine zu Goethe? Welche Bedeutung hat die Auseinandersetzung mit ihm für die Genese seiner ästhetischen, philosophischen, politischen Positionen? In welchen Konstellationen bewegt sich Heine zwischen Goethe-Gegnern und -Verehrern, zwischen Liberalen und Romantikern, zwischen Nazarenern und Hellenen? [...] neben diese Perspektive, die den Zeitgenossen der "Wolfgang-Goetheschen Kunstperiode" also selbst durchaus geläufig war, tritt in der Heine-Forschung eine zweite, die nach binnenliterarischen Bezügen zwischen Heines und Goethes Schriften fragt.
Cognitive flexibility – the ability to adjust one’s behavior to changing environmental demands – is crucial for controlled behavior. However, the term ‘cognitive flexibility’ is used heterogeneously, and associations between cognitive flexibility and other facets of flexible behavior have only rarely been studied systematically. To resolve some of these conceptual uncertainties, we directly compared cognitive flexibility (cue-instructed switching between two affectively neutral tasks), affective flexibility (switching between a neutral and an affective task using emotional stimuli), and feedback-based flexibility (non-cued, feedback-dependent switching between two neutral tasks). Three experimental paradigms were established that share as many procedural features (in terms of stimuli and/or task rules) as possible and administered in a pre-registered study plan (N = 100). Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between the efficiency of cognitive and affective task switching (response time switch costs). Feedback-based flexibility (measured as mean number of errors after rule reversals) did not correlate with task switching efficiency in the other paradigms, but selectively with the effectiveness of affective switching (error rate costs when switching from neutral to emotion task). While preregistered confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided no clear evidence for a shared factor underlying the efficiency of switching in all three domains of flexibility, an exploratory CFA suggested commonalities regarding switching effectiveness (accuracy-based switch costs). We propose shared mechanisms controlling the efficiency of cue-dependent task switching across domains, while the relationship to feedback-based flexibility may depend on mechanisms controlling switching effectiveness. Our results call for a more stringent conceptual differentiation between different variants of psychological flexibility.
Aerobic and resistance exercise acutely increase cognitive performance (CP). High-intensity functional training (HIFT) combines the characteristics of both regimes but its effect on CP is unclear. Thirty-five healthy individuals (26.7 ± 3.6 years, 18 females) were randomly allocated to three groups. The first (HIFT) performed a functional whole-body workout at maximal effort and in circuit format, while a second walked at 60% of the heart rate reserve (WALK). The third group remained physically inactive reading a book (CON). Before and after the 15-min intervention period, CP was assessed with the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span Test. Repeated-measures ANOVAs and post-hoc 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to detect time/group differences. A significant group*time interaction was found for the backwards condition of the Digit Span Test (p = 0.04) and according to the 95% CI, HIFT was superior to WALK and CON. Analysis of the sum score of the Digit Span Test and the incongruent condition of the Stroop Test, furthermore, revealed main effects for time (p < 0.05) with HIFT being the only intervention improving CP. No differences were found for the Trail Making Test (p > 0.05). In conclusion, HIFT represents an appropriate method to acutely improve working memory, potentially being superior to moderate aerobic-type exercise.
El artículo somete a discusión la concepción de la ética discursiva, tanto desde una perspectiva inmanente como desde una perspectiva feminista. En cuanto a lo primero, critica el uso equívoco que dicha concepción hace de la noción de "acuerdo" (Zustimmung) pues transfiere ilegítimamente un momento consensual al ámbito cognitivo e intelectivo de la moral. En cuanto a lo segundo, muestra que la ética discursiva se guía por una visión masculina unilateral, que atiende sólo a las relaciones simétricas entre seres personales, sin prestar atención al fenómeno moral, tradicionalmente femenino, del cuidado de los seres humanos sin integridad personal.
Trématodes parasites provenant des campagnes scientifiques du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco <1886-1912
(1938)
Erich Fromm foi um psicanalista que participou da formação da Escola de Frankfurt com o projeto de unir o materialismo histórico de Marx à psicanálise de Freud. Dentre os conceitos abordados por ele, o da liberdade é um dos fundamentais, ao postular a diferença entre a “liberdade de” e a “liberdade para”, sendo a primeira a liberdade existente na sociedade capitalista, uma pseudo-liberdade, e a segunda seria a realização da liberdade no sentido positivo. Contudo, devido ao seu humanismo abstrato e não perceber o papel da luta de classes no sentido da superação do capitalismo, elabora uma crítica contundente dessa sociedade, que, no entanto, se torna limitada.
Background: The currently prevailing global threat of COVID-19 caused the publication numbers on coronaviruses to explode. The awareness of the scientific and public community is enormous. But what about the sense of all these undertakings and what can be learned about the future for a better understanding? These questions were answered with established bibliometric analyses of the time until the avalanche of publications unfolded.
Methods: Chronological, geographical aspects of publication output on coronavirus were also evaluated under the influence of epidemiological and socio-economic parameters.
Results: The trend in publication and citation numbers shows the strong influence of the past pandemics SARS and MERS with an untypical decline afterward. Research is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary over time. The USA and China, as the countries with the highest number of publications, are being displaced by other countries in the consideration of socio-economic and epidemiological aspects, which shows the effect of regional interest in corona research. A significant correlation was found between the number of SARS cases per country and related publications, while no correlation was found for MERS cases and articles.
Conclusions: The results underline the need for sustainable and forward-looking approaches that should not end with the containment of COVID-19.
Corrigendum zu: Memory studies 13.2020, issue: 5, S. 861-874, doi:10.1177/1750698020943014, ISSN 1750-6999
This afterword addresses the complex temporal and global dynamics of the coronavirus pandemic. After considering some of the new social rhythms that have emerged in the wake of Covid-19 around the world, it turns to the role of collective memory before, during and after corona. The aim is to provide a basic grid for how the Covid-19 pandemic could be addressed using memory studies expertise and concepts such as premediation, memorability, memory (ab)use, national memory, colonial memory, racial stereotypes, the digital archive, generational memory, or Anthropocene time.
Die größeren deutschsprachigen Zeitungen enthielten in der Regel recht umfangreiche Nachrichten über deutsche und europäische Ereignisse und Entwicklungen, was offensichtlich einem starken Interesse der Leserschaft entsprach, Neuigkeiten über die alte Heimat und den europäischen Kontinent zu erfahren. Gleichzeitig spiegelte es auch ein Bedürfnis der eingewanderten Vormärzemigranten wider, den Lesern Informationen über die neuesten politischen Vorgänge in Europa zu vermitteln, um sie gegebenenfalls für eine Unterstützung demokratischer Bewegungen in der alten Heimat zu gewinnen, was auch materielle Zuwendungen einschließen konnte. Die deutschsprachigen Zeitungen in den USA besaßen zwar keine eigenen Korrespondenten in Europa – lediglich die "Alte und Neue Welt" hatte einen Mitarbeiter in Frankfurt/M., doch die in New York und Philadelphia erscheinenden Blätter erhielten größere Sendungen von europäischen Journalen, aus denen sie Auszüge abdruckten. Die Zeitungen des Binnenlandes wiederum kopierten dann diese Auszüge. Eine weitere Informationsquelle waren die vielfachen brieflichen Kontakte zwischen Deutschen in Amerika und Verwandten oder Freunden in der alten Heimat. Die Briefe wurden häufig ganz oder in Auszügen inverschiedenen Zeitungen abgedruckt, wenn sie im Hinblick auf einen interessanten Nachrichtenwert von öffentlichem Interesse waren.
Im Juli 1842 wanderte Johann Konrad Friederich nach Frankreich aus. Fortan lebte er knappe fünf Jahre in der französischen
Hauptstadt, bis zum Frühjahr 1847. Hier betätigte er sich, wie in Deutschland, weiterhin als Journalist und Schriftsteller. Er verfaßte oder stellte fertig u.a. das umfängliche Buch mit dem Reiz-Titel "Dämonische Reisen in alle Welt" sowie vermutlich den größeren Teil seiner reichhaltigen Memoiren (insgesamt rund 2000 Seiten). Im Frühjahr 1847 verzog er nach Ingouville bei Le Havre, wo er noch elf Jahre lebte und am 1. Mai 1858
verstarb. Ein Exilierter?
Als bevölkerungsstärkste Einwanderungsgruppe des 19. Jahrhunderts stellten deutsche Immigranten und Exilanten die Frage nach den Kennzeichen des amerikanischen Wertesystems besonders deutlich. Die eigene kulturelle Prägung diente bei der Suche nach Antworten als sowohl negative als auch positive Bezugsfläche. Nicht selten kam es bei der interkulturellen Begegnung zu Enttäuschungen, deren Ursachen in falschen Vorstellungen über die Realitäten des amerikanischen Wirtschafts-, Politik- und Gesellschaftssystems lagen. Bei der Wahl zwischen resignierender Anpassung an die neuen Verhältnisse oder aktiver Mitgestaltung der Wertegemeinschaft entschieden sich vor allem die Freiheitskämpfer des politischen Vormärz zugunsten einer reformerischen Haltung. Im Folgenden sollen daher nicht die ethnischen Kommunen untersucht werden, die sich um den Preis isolationistischer Vereinsmeierei der Bewahrung deutscher Traditionen, Gebräuche und Sprache verpflichteten, sondern jene Aktivisten, die in den USA ihre Vorstellung einer besseren, vorbildlichen Welt zu verwirklichen suchten. Die deutsch-amerikanische Geschichtsschreibung hat sich traditionell mit der Frage befasst, welche Beiträge deutsche Immigranten zur amerikanischen Kultur leisteten. Dabei ließen in der Vergangenheit viele Arbeiten einen wissenschaftlich analytischen Ansatz vermissen. Neue Zugänge zur von zwei Weltkriegen überschatteten deutsch-amerikanischen Einwanderungsgeschichte können, wie Werner Sollors betont, Analysen der internationalen, poly-ethnischen und multilingualen Kontexte eröffnen?
Im letzten Jahrbuch des Forum Vormärz Forschung veröffentlichte Werner Weiland einen Aufsatz, in dem er zwei Veröffentlichungen von mir kritisierte. In beiden Veröffentlichungen, die ich zunächst allein, dann gemeinsam mit Hubert Gersch und übrigens beide Male unter redaktioneller Beteiligung von Werner Weiland publizierte, ging es um den Versuch, den handschriftlich und fragmentarisch überlieferten "Lenz"-Text zu rekonstruieren. Weiland erklärt sich jetzt (2004) "zum Anwalt von Büchners Autorenehre sowie der artifiziell und literaturpolitisch vortrefflichen Komposition" des "Lenz", die ich verletzt und mißachtet hätte. Er beklagt meine "herausgeberische Eitelkeit, die sich ohne einen soliden Beweis lediglich hypothetisch auf Kosten des Autors zu profilieren sucht", und er meint, "[d]ie neuerliche Entpolitisierung des Büchnerbilds, die den Aufbruch von 1968 auf sich beruhen läßt und im neoliberalen Trend liegt", erreiche mit meinem Rekonstruktionsversuch "einen Höhepunkt". Im letzten Abschnitt setzte er mir die Pistole auf die Brust: "Ich erwarte von Dedner eine Replik". So muß ich denn wohl replizieren.
The Hultschin (Hlučín) region - now part of the Czech Republic - was annexed to the former Czechoslovakia in 1920. Throughout the centuries, its turbulent history has been shaped by various conflicting power interests, which have influenced the co-existence of the Czech and German communities which historically lived alongside each other. The Polish and Jewish communities had a relatively minor influence over the culture of this polylingual region, but the large German minority played a significant role. The influence of German language, culture and customs was not only visible in the political and economic life of the local population; it was also reflected in the various clubs and associations that were active in the region.
Ota Filip was a German writer with Czech roots. He was born in Ostrava in 1930, and he died in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in 2018. He grew up in Czechoslovakia but was forcibly expatriated in 1974 after repeated problems with the communist regime, and he settled in the Federal Republic of Germany. There he worked as a freelance writer and political journalist. With his novel 'Café Slavia' (1985) he made his debut in world literature. Drawing on the theoretical approaches associated with the "spatial turn" (Soja 1991, Bachmann-Medick 2009) and other spatial-theoretical approaches, this paper seeks to examine how Filip's novel 'Café Slavia' (1985) is constructed, which literary spaces are constituted, how they change and which functions they perform.
Based on translations of the Lord's Prayer (Mt 6, 9-13) and translations of other Bible passages dating from 1522 to 2017, Luther's working processes were reconstructed and his influence on later editions of his Bible was traced. It becomes evident that Luther wanted not 'merely' to translate the Bible, but to actually write a German Bible.
Particles have no specific lexical function per se and must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. Thus, they develop manifold forms of polyfunctionality. They can express emotion, and when used interactively in everyday situations, they are dependent upon the particular features of the context. While the German language uses particles extensively, French more commonly uses alternative devices to expressa speaker's attitude toward his or her utterance, as will be shown by the example of ja in the speeches of the narrator and the characters of the novel 'The Call of the Toad' by Günter Grass.
Frühneuhochdeutsche Register mündlicher Kommunikation in Olmützer Prozessakten von 1550 bis 1630
(2018)
One of the significant fields of institutional communication in the Early New High German period was the legal system. It can therefore be assumed that court documents from that era include elements of the contemporary spoken language. This paper presents the results of a corpus analysis examining 40 examples of two text types in court documents - witness accounts and testimonies of men tortured on the rack. Elements of the spoken language were found on the phonetic/phonological, morphological and syntactic/textual levels.
Rising-falling-rising pitch accent is perhaps the most distinctive pitch accent in the spoken German language due to its prominence and complexity. Its prominence reflects the very high degree of informational relevance of the focused word or a strong need to attract the interlocutor's attention to the utterance that follows the focused word. Up to now, rising-falling-rising pitch accent has not been a subject of research into spoken German prosody, partially due to the stylistic neutrality of utterances that are artificially generated for research purposes and are devoid of context, and partially due to the insufficient number of different types of conversations within the corpus used to analyze prosody in authentic conversations. The purpose of this study is to determine the functions of rising-falling-rising pitch accents in German conversation with regard to co-constituting speech acts, structuring conversations and expressing the modality of utterances.
Nachruf auf Wolfgang Büttner
(2006)
Am 24. Dezember 2005 starb nach kurzer schwerer Krankheit in Berlin Dr. sc. phil. Wolfgang Büttner aus Petershagen bei Berlin. Mit ihm verliert die Geschichtswissenschaft einen ebenso engagierten wie produktiven Vormärz- und Revolutionsforscher und das Jahrbuch des Forum Vormärz Forschung einen seiner aktivsten Mitarbeiter.
Objective: To evaluate if 3 peptides derived from the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), which wounded zones of cartilage secrete into synovial fluid, possess biological activity and might therefore be involved in the regulation of specific aspects of joint regeneration.
Methods: The 3 peptides were produced by chemical synthesis and then tested in vitro for known functions of the COMP C-terminal domain from which they derive, and which are involved in osteoarthritis: transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, vascular homeostasis, and inflammation. Results. None of the peptides affected the gene expression of COMP in osteochondral progenitor cells (P > 0.05). We observed no effects on the vascularization potential of endothelial cells (P > 0.05). In cultured synovium explants, no differences on the expression of catabolic enzymes or proinflammatory cytokines were found when peptides were added (P > 0.05).
Discussion and conclusions: The 3 peptides tested do not regulate TGF-β signaling, angiogenesis and vascular tube formation, or synovial inflammation in vitro and therefore most likely do not play a major role in the disease process.
Background: The number of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) infections is increasing due to an increased number of ICD implants, higher-risk patients, and more frequent replacement procedures, which carry a higher risk of infection. Reducing the morbidity, mortality, and cost of ICD-related infections requires an understanding of the current rate of this complication and its predictors.
Methods: The Shock Implant Evaluation Trial (SIMPLE) trial randomized 2500 ICD recipients to defibrillation testing or not. Over an average of 3.1 years, patients were seen every 6 months and examined for evidence of ICD infection, which was defined as requiring device removal and/or intravenous antibiotics.
Results: Within 24 months, 21 patients (0.8%) developed infection. Fourteen patients (67%) with infection presented within 30 days, 20 patients by 12 months, and only 1 patient beyond 12 months. Univariate analysis demonstrated that patients with primary electrical disorders (3 patients, P = 0.009) and those with a secondary prevention indication (13 patients, P = 0.0009) were more likely to develop infection. Among the 2.2% of patients who developed an ICD wound hematoma, 10.4% developed an infection. Among the 8.3% of patients requiring an ICD reintervention, 1.9% developed an infection.
Conclusions: This cohort of ICD recipients at high-volume centres have a low risk of device-related infection. However; strategies to reduce wound hematoma and the need for ICD reintervention could further reduce the rate of infection.
This article reports an investigation of how inhibition contributes to fluid reasoning when it is decomposed into the reasoning ability, item-position, and speed components to control for possible method effects. Working memory was also taken into consideration. A sample of 223 university students completed a fluid reasoning scale, two tasks tapping prepotent response inhibition, and two working memory tasks. Fixed-links modeling was used to separate the effect of reasoning ability from the effects of item-position and speed. The goodness-of-fit results confirmed the necessity to consider the reasoning ability, item-position, and speed components simultaneously. Prepotent response inhibition was only associated with reasoning ability. This association disappeared when working memory served as a mediator. Taken together, these results reflect the inhomogeneity of what is tapped by the fluid reasoning scale on one hand and, on the other, suggest inhibition as an important component of working memory.
Autographen von Zeitzeugen aus der 48er Revolution und insbesondere solche von Adelbert von Bornstedt (1807-1851) sind im Antiquariatshandel von großer Seltenheit. Vor einigen Jahren tauchten bei einem Schweizer Sammler drei schwer entzifferbare Schreiben Bornstedts auf, eher Kassiber, die nun transcribiert und mit Anmerkungen und Kommentar versehen publiziert worden sind ("Mein Kopf ist voll Hass und Rache!". Unbekannte Briefe aus dem Jahr 1848 von Adelbert von Bornstedt aus dem Zuchthaus Bruchsal. Hrsg. und mit einer Einf. und einem Kommentar versehen von Eckhart Pilick. Rohrbach: Verlag Peter Guhl, 2004). [...] Um einen Eindruck von den Briefen von Bornstedts zu geben, wird im folgenden der erste der drei Briefe mit dem Kommentar des Herausgebers abgedruckt.
Der Forschung ist es bislang nicht gelungen, den biographischen Beginn von Charles Sealsfields USA-Aufenthaltes von 1823 bis 1826 zu klären, als er das Provinznest Kittanning zum Ausgangspunkt seiner Aktivitäten wählt. Das bezieht sich auf die Umstände von Ein- und Weiterreise, die Pseudonymisierung seines Namens als Teil des Identitätswandels, die Qualität seiner Kontakte und seines Tuns in Pennsylvania, deren Funktion für sein Identitätsverständnis und die publizistischen Anfänge. Einiges davon kann nunmehr erläutert werden.
Roland Berbig stellt zum ersten Mal ein nahezu vergessenes Journal mit dem sprechenden Namen "Deutsche Reichs-Bremse" vor, Beiblatt von Ernst Keils "Leuchtturm". Wort und Bild dienen Keil als Mittel scharfer oppositioneller Kritik an den politischen Verhältnissen vor allem in Preußen und Österreich. Die radikaldemokratischen Prämissen seiner politischen Propaganda, etwa die Empörung über Robert Blums Schicksal, aber auch seine Kritik an Marx' kommunistischer Tätigkeit außerhalb Deutschlands, sind charakteristisch für den Leuchtturm. Die "Deutsche Reichs-Bremse" von 1849 war - entsprechend der politischen Lage - im Gegensatz zu den Genrebildern und Skizzen der frühen 40er Jahre nur mühsam scherzhaft oder gar heiter, dagegen voller Bitterkeiten, Zorn und sogar Haß. Die "Reichs-Bremse" war eine "Geißel des Humors und der Satyre", was sich auch bei der politischen Trauerarbeit und den Rückzugsgefechten in Doppelbildern nach dem Modell 'vorhernachher' ausdrückt. Sowohl die eigentliche Karikatur als auch die Sprache negieren in klarer und verständlicher Inhaltskomik, also weniger konzentriert auf einen innovativen ästhetischen Blick, mit großer Bildkraft das feindliche politische Prinzip.
1848 rief Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg den Leser mit seinem als politisches Lehrstück verfaßten Roman "Die Royalisten" dazu auf, Position für die Sache der Konservativen zu beziehen. Zwei Jahre früher hatte er in seinem Roman "Tutu" als Prosaist und Karikaturist eine an die komischen Bilderromane Rodolphe Töpffers angelehnte ästhetische Innovation gewagt: die direkte Auflösung der Erzählung in eine Bildergeschichte. Karl Rihas Interpretation unter dem Titel "Roman und Bilderroman in einem" bildet sozusagen einen Exkurs in die frühe Formgeschichte der Moderne. In "phantastischen Episoden und poetischen Exkursionen" veranschaulicht Ungern-Sternberg seine Kritik an der Modernisierung der Lebensverhältnisse. Dabei verbinden sich Text, Illustrationen und Karikaturen, bis im 11. der 18 Kapitel die seltsamen lettristischen Reiseabenteuer von einer Bildergeschichte unterbrochen werden. Eine Folge von karikierenden Bildern mit knappen Bildunterschriften tritt an die Stelle der Erzählung, visuelle Darstellung und optische Wahrnehmung verdrängen den Text.
Obwohl Horst Heidermann sich in seiner Untersuchung "Der König war in England gewesen: Preußens kleine Bilderfreiheit 1842/43" nicht im gleichen Maße auf die Darstellung des bürgerlichen Alltags und der bürgerlichen Kunstausübungen, der Mode und Geselligkeit, der Philister, Bourgeois, Citoyen und Staatsbürger konzentriert und obwohl er den Blick von der europäischen Karikatur auf die deutschen Verhältnisse lenkt, lassen sich viele Verbindungslinien bis hin zu einzelnen Karikaturen feststellen. Heidermann stellt in bezug auf die Karikatur umfassend und in dieser Ausführlichkeit zum ersten Mal die Rechtslage der bedingten Zensurfreiheit vom 28. Mai 1842 bis zum 3. Februar 1843 in Preußen dar und untersucht die Gründe für die Kabinettsorder Friedrich Wilhelms IV. Es folgt ein breiter Aufriß der Themen, die in den politischen Karikaturen dieser Zeit ohne Vorzensur aufgegriffen wurden; das Spektrum reicht von außen- und innenpolitischen Aspekten über den Pietismus, die protestantische Orthodoxie sowie Religion und Kirche allgemein bis zur Zensur- und Hochschulpolitik, zu Kunst und Theater und - wenn auch seltener - zur sozialen Frage. Heidermann zeigt auf, daß es in dem kurzen Zeitraum von acht Monaten zwar sehr viele Karikaturen gegeben hat, daß deren künstlerische Qualität aber notgedrungen oft sehr gering war. Abschließend gibt er einen detaillierten Aufriß der Zeichner und ihrer Honorare, von Herstellung, Vertrieb, Werbung und den Verlagen der Karikaturen. Die recherchierten Fakten bis hin zum thematisch gegliederten Verzeichnis der Karikaturen dürften künftig unentbehrlich für die Karikaturenforschung des Vormärz sein.
An die "Privatisierung des öffentlichen Lebens" der "städtischen bürgerlichen Gesellschaft" knüpft Martina Lauster mit ihrer vergleichenden Studie über Frankreich, England und Deutschland unter dem Titel "Zwischen Karikatur und Genre. Die Suche nach dem Staatsbürger in Skizzen des Vormärz" an. Dabei befaßt sie sich vor allem mit der Form der Genre- und Sittenbilder und deren "intensive(r) Auseinandersetzung mit Lebensformen und Sozialtypen" und zeigt, daß einerseits nationale Identität und ein eigenes Selbstverständnis und andererseits die neue Holzstichtechnik Grundlage waren für die Erstellung eines weit verbreiteten enzyklopädischen Sittengemäldes. Dieses führt allerdings in den deutschen Territorien, anders als in Frankreich z.B. mit "Les Français peints par eux-même" und England z.B. mit "Heads of the People", zu keiner sozialen Enzyklopädie, zu keinem nationalen Typus. An die Stelle des Staatsbürgers tritt stattdessen die Figur des Michel bzw. in der zwischen Genrebild und Karikatur liegenden Form der Skizze eine regionalsoziale Typologie urbaner Zentren wie Königsberg, Hamburg, Berlin und Frankfurt, eine Typologie, die von Lauster in sehr genauen und detaillierten Interpretationen untersucht wird. So entstehen zwar Bilder von Volkstypen wie der "Frankfurter Borjer" oder der Berliner Eckensteher Nante, aber keine Skizzen eines deutschen Staatsbürgers.
Jürgen Döring vermittelt in seinem Aufriß zur "Humoristischen Grafik in deutschen Künstlervereinen vor 1860" einen ersten Eindruck von den Schätzen, die unter den über 5.000 Blättern noch zu heben sind. Er beginnt mit dem 1814 von Gottfried Schadow gegründeten "Berlinischen Künstlerverein" und endet mit dem ersten Jahrzehnt des 1848 von Emanuel Leutze ins Leben gerufenen "Düsseldorfer Malkasten". Daß die Gebrauchsgrafik des 19. Jahrhunderts im wesentlichen ein Produkt der Vereinskultur ist, unterstreicht die Bedeutung dieser Form bürgerlicher Selbstorganisation für die Entwicklung der angewandten Kunst. In den scherzhaften Arabesken und humoristischen Übertreibungen der Festkarten und Programme gewinnt diese Vereinskunst ihre gemeinschaftsstiftende Funktion, zu der auch die gemäßigt karikaturalen Formen beitragen.
Purpose: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication in medical and surgical intensive care units accounting for a high morbidity and mortality. Incidence, risk factors, and prognostic impact of this deleterious condition are well established in this setting. Data concerning the neurocritically ill patients is scarce. Therefore, aim of this study was to determine the incidence of AKI and elucidate risk factors in this special population.
Methods: Patients admitted to a specialized neurocritical care unit between 2005 and 2011 with a length of stay above 48 hours were analyzed retrospectively for incidence, cause, and outcome of AKI (AKI Network-stage ≥2).
Results: The study population comprised 681 neurocritically ill patients from a mixed neurosurgical and neurological intensive care unit. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was 8.4% (57/681). Overall incidence of AKI was 11.6% with 36 (45.6%) patients developing dialysis-requiring AKI. Sepsis was the main cause of AKI in nearly 50% of patients. Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy are independent predictors of worse outcome (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.704; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.867-7.350; P < .001; and HR: 2.848; CI: 1.301-6.325; P = .009). Chronic kidney disease was the strongest independent risk factor (odds ratio: 12.473; CI: 5.944-26.172; P < .001), whereas surgical intervention or contrast agents were not associated with AKI.
Conclusions: Acute kidney injury in neurocritical care has a high incidence and is a crucial risk factor for mortality independently of the underlying neurocritical condition. Sepsis is the main cause of AKI in this setting. Therefore, careful prevention of infectious complications and considering CKD in treatment decisions may lower the incidence of AKI and hereby improve outcome in neurocritical care.
Karikatur und Parodie : private und öffentliche Versteckspiele in der deutschen Kunst um 1850
(2006)
Margaret A. Rose zeigt von Kaulbach und Schadow über Hübner und Mintrop bis zu Rustige und Ritter "Private und öffentliche Versteckspiele in der deutschen Kunst um 1850". In Analogie zur Intertextualität erkundet sie das malerische und zeichnerische Feld der "Interbildlichkeit", das einer besonderen Entschlüsselung bedarf. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Art Selbstreflexion der Kunst im Medium der Kunst in satirischer oder spielerisch kritischer Absicht.
Annette Clamor rückt die "Kultur-Kritik mit spitzer Feder" von Zeichnern wie Cham und Daumier vor allem im "Charivari" in den Blick, öffnet ihn aber auch schon für deutsche Beispiele. Diese "Kritik" liest sich wie der anhaltende Protest der Künstler gegen die bürgerliche Vereinnahmung der Kunst - sei es, daß sich der "bourgeois cultivé" als Kunstkenner geriert und dann als Banause dekuvriert; sei es, daß der moderne Romanfabrikant diesem Spießbürger seine mundgerechte Ware serviert und damit die Literatur insgesamt trivialisiert. In der "Leidenschaft, die Leiden schafft" (Heinrich Heine), der Pianomanie, kommt der bourgeoise Geltungsdrang dann gleichsam zu sich selbst und fordert die Wort-, Bild- und Tonkünstler von Paris bis Wien zu satirischen Invektiven heraus.
Aus dem Kernteam des Punch von 1841 stammten der Journalist und Schriftsteller Gilbert Abbott à Beckett und John Leech, der eigentliche Erfinder des "Cartoons". In einer speziell englischen Spielart des komischen Genres schufen sie 1847/48 in 20 Einzelbänden "The Comic History of England". Joachim Möller zeigt unter dem Titel "Götterdämmerung", wie in engem Wechselspiel von Bild und Text die 'Großen Männer der Geschichte' gleich reihenweise vom Sockel gestoßen werden und sich ihre legendären Taten als 'ziemlich gewöhnlich' erweisen. Pate bei dieser Art detailverliebter Bildsatire hat offenbar immer noch Hogarth gestanden, auch wenn der Stahl- (und Holz-)stich in der "Comic History" die Funktion der interpretativen Illustration übernimmt.
Die spezifische Verbindung von Bild und Wort zeigt sich schon in den Prototypen der Satire-Journale, in "Le Charivari" (Paris), "Punch" (London) und "Kladderadatsch" (Berlin), die bereits nach ihren Gründungsjahren 1832, 1841 und 1848 das jeweils Tonangebende in Karikatur und Text darstellen. Gemeinsamkeiten und nationale Besonderheiten dieser Journale erschließt Ursula E. Koch in einem grundlegenden Aufsatz. Während aber der Charivari 1858/59 seine Blütezeit bereits hinter sich hat, steht sie dem Punch und dem Kladderadatsch noch bevor. Auch solchen Ungleichzeitigkeiten ist der Beitrag auf der Spur.
Seit Eduard Fuchs' Jubliäumsbuch "1848 in der Caricatur" reißt die Flut der Publikationen über die Revolutionskarikatur nicht mehr ab. In diesem Band tritt sie zurück, um anderem Platz zu machen: dem Vor- und Nachmärz sowie dem europäischen Kontext der Karikatur. Sowenig die Revolution von 1848 die Bildsprache der Karikatur mit einem Schlag ändert, sowenig werden ihre Mittel und Motive von Land zu Land neu erfunden. Der Zeitrahmen dieses Bandes ist also weiter gesteckt, von 1814/15, dem Jahr der Neuordnung Europas und der Gründung des Deutschen Bundes, bis 1858/59, dem Beginn der "Neuen Ära". Ebenso breit wird der europäische Raum ausgemessen, denn in dieser Zeit geben Frankreich und England den Ton in der Karikatur an, und man errichtete eine künstliche Scheidewand, wollte man die deutsche Karikatur gegen ihre Nachbarn isolieren. Dasselbe gilt übrigens für das mehr oder weniger enge Zusammenspiel von Bild und Text, wie es sich nach Vorläufern in England ("The Scourge") und Frankreich ("Le Nain Jaune", "Le Figaro") zwischen 1830 und der Jahrhundertmitte herausbildet.
"Welch ein schönes Land und welche häßlichen Menschen" : Ludwig Börne in der vormärzlichen Schweiz
(2005)
Die Schweiz werde ich im folgenden, was im Vormärz naheläge, nicht eigentlich als Exilland ansprechen; vielmehr wird gefragt werden, wie ein Pariser Exilant in den Jahren nach 1830 die Schweiz als Tourist erlebte. In der noch immer bescheidenen Börne-Forschung ist diesem Aspekt bislang kaum Rechnung getragen worden.
Tätigkeitsbericht 2005/06
(2007)
Zu Beginn des Jahres 1848 erscheint unter dem Titel: "Nord und Süd, Monatsblätter für Unterhaltung und Zivilisazion" eine neue Monatszeitschrift für das deutsche Publikum, verlegt von Michael Schläpfer in Herisau. Bereits die zweite Nummer gerät in den Strudel der beginnenden Revolution, und nach etwa vier Monaten findet das Projekt ein Ende.