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Institute
For Baudelaire, the barbarian is a figure of predilection. At first, it is a literary character that he got acquainted with through the works of Chateaubriand and E. A. Poe. The barbarian is linked to poetry as well; he brings to mind the condition of the exiled, the solitary figure far away from his homeland (such as in Delacroix's Ovid among the Scythians). But, most of all, the barbarian gives the opportunity to Baudelaire to refine his idea of Beauty: at the 1855 Universal Exhibition, he confronts himself for the first time to Chinese art – labelled "barbarian art" back then. Far from agreeing with this description, Baudelaire refutes it and forces himself to shift his critical perspective: his challenge will be to adapt himself, accommodate his taste and become "as barbarian" as the works he beholds in order to appreciate one of these "specimen of universal beauty". This reflexion shall continue in his essay, 'The Painter of Modern Life' (1863), in which he describes Constantin Guys' way of drawing as being moved by an "inevitable barbarousness". In this article, our aim will be to trace the evolution of Baudelaire's conception and different uses of the term "barbarian" through his aesthetical, poetical and literary writings.
The barbarian is a construct of the Other which can be distinguished from the "savage" through a certain degree of social organization and from the monstrous through its more realistic-historic outlook. Still, these categories are fuzzy and fantastic fiction – understood in a broad sense – makes new use of the barbarian people motif in a manner which makes the ideological undertones more visible despite an increased freedom from historical references. The " mob" (das Gesindel) getting out of the forests to devastate the civilized order, in 'Auf den Marmorklippen', embodies abjection in its clearest form, a violent return of the dark violent repressed. On the contrary, in the cycle of 'Dune, the Fremens' are 'barbarian' only in the eyes of the corrupt totalitarian elite of the Imperium. Despite their rough way of life, they represent a cultural order much closer to ecological harmony, which constitutes a major theme in Frank Herbert's saga. Borges' perspective, in 'The Story of the Warrior and the Female Prisoner', is not so much ethical/political as it is philosophical : the mutual fascination between the 'civilized' and the 'barbarians' is tantamount to magnetic opposites, border-crossing and meaningful otherness. These three visions of the 'barbarian' can be distinguished not only through their ideological underpinnings, but also through their narrative techniques.
De la productivité de l'erreur en contexte pédagogique 'kairos', abduction et poétique du cours
(2017)
In this paper we shall examine how error can constitute an occasion of improving the context of learning. Taking error into account, trying to understand and follow the way that led the student to make it, the Professor betters his empathy. Hence, thanks to this mimicry, the Professor enters into the student's process of thinking and the poetics of the course becomes more inclusive. Turning error into "kairos", the course truly becomes a moment of collective individuation.
This article analyzes some cases of lack of understanding as well as of misunderstandings and errors, voluntary or otherwise, which punctuate the sessions of French- Russian Studio, an important place of intellectual and cultural exchanges between Russian émigrés and French intellectuals between the Wars. These errors and misunderstandings turn out to be rather productive ones, leading sometimes to lively discussions. Two notions, humanism and intellectualism, become a real stumbling block to debates: being regularly referred to at the sessions devoted to Gide, Valéry, Proust and Descartes, they are differently interpreted by Russian and French debators. This reflects not only the explicit difficulties in translation of philosophical and cultural notions but also some implicit discrepancies in production of meaning.
Hémiptères-Réduviides
(1931)
When Gorki wrote his play "The Barbarians" (1906), he probably did not intend to raise such an intricate problem as the relationship between the barbarian, the savage and the civilized. Neither did he envisage talking about this triadic relation in reference to its political, historical and philosophical meaning. He proceeded as a writer and managed to construct a peculiar literary figure of the "barbarian" in its multiple aspects, and as related to other figures, such as the savage, in the first place. In this paper I argue that Gorki's intrinsically literary venture consisted in trying to make collide two categories that never normally enter in a dual relationship, but are always mediated by the category of the "civilized". The objective of this paper is to examine the consequences of this forced dualism, which without imposing any idea of civilization, however, ends up by setting it as a problem for further meditation and, without giving any solution, invites the reader to pursue his reflection.
Une atmosphère toute de silence et d'éclat, de frisson et de plus haute tension, telle est l'oeuvre de Rainer Maria Rilke. Il n'est pas vain de noter que, dans son expression, elle recourt à une double voix, de préciser le sens d'un écart à l'intérieur d'une oeuvre grande et douloureuse dans sa construction, de montrer la nécessité de ce qui est pour finir mieux qu'un écart ; pour cela, il faut aussi, chemin faisant, embrasser la destinée poétique de Rilke dans sa globalité. Ce qu'il importe alors de considérer, c'est à la fois cette étrangeté et ce paradoxe que sont les poèmes français de Rilke. De temps en temps, à intervalles réguliers, tel ou tel esprit revient sur cette question, tourne autour d'elle, évoquant l'un de ses aspects, parfois plusieurs, sans jamais pouvoir totalement se soustraire à l'énigme qui se déploie dans la modestie d'une apparente récréation. Avec sa rectitude et son sens de la pondération nuancée, Philippe Jaccottet s'est approché mieux que tout autre du foyer de cette question, ce n'en est pas moins resté pour lui comme pour tous une réflexion ouverte et ce n'est pas moi qui mettrai un point final à ce mystère qui ne demande qu'à se prolonger comme tel et doit simplement être aperçu pour briller dans la lumière qui lui est due.
Cet article propose une réflexion sur la manière dont la langue bàsàa (Bantu A 43 parlée au Cameroun) exprime la relativisation. En l’absence d’une classe grammaticale de pronoms relatifs la langue utilise la classe des démonstratifs. La stratégie démonstrative mise en place peut selon les cas, associer la classe des locatifs pour déterminer les degrés de définitude. La langue distingue également les relatives restrictives des relatives non-restrictives qui sont soit descriptives, soit emphatiques. Du point de vue prosodique, la fin de la relative en bàsàa coïncide avec une finale de Groupe Intonatif.
Le miroir intermédial : "Sneewittchen" des Grimm et "Blancanieves" de Pablo Berger en comparaison
(2017)
Contemporary studies about film adaptations of literary texts face many obstacles when it comes to compare two different media. They either tend to establish how faithful the film adaptation is to its textual source or they consider the literary text as canonical, which as such cannot be transposed to any other form. This contribution aims to cross the borders of 'adaptation studies' and offers an intermedial comparison between the Grimms' tale 'Sneewittchen', first published in 1812, and 'Blancanieves', a black and white silent movie directed by Pablo Berger and released in 2012. Regarding 'Blancanieves' not only as an adaptation of the Grimms' text(s), but also and above all as a reconfiguration of numerous media forms (film, photography, opera, among others), reveals how the Spanish director differentiates himself from the German tale and creates a new story with renewed meanings which echo the current social, economical and political situation of Spain.
Personne, à ma connaissance, ne s'est encore intéressé aux rapports que Rainer Maria Rilke a entretenus avec la revue 'Commerce' qui, à la fin de 1924, fut la première à publier quelquesuns de ses poèmes français. Les nombreuses études consacrées à cet auteur ne s'étendent pas sur cette question et par conséquent, les données qui figurent dans les lettres et les notes des textes édités n’ont pas encore été présentées dans un ensemble cohérent. Dans cet article, je me propose de mettre en lumière les rapports entre Rilke et 'Commerce' en me basant sur seize lettres inédites de Rilke à Marguerite Caetani, la mécène de la revue, conservées dans des archives privées, à Rome. Ceci me permettra d'ajouter quelques éléments à l'image existante de la vie et de l'oeuvre de Rilke à Paris, qui, quoique minutieusement documentée, ne cesse de s'affiner. Pour cela, il faut d'abord que je réponde à la question de savoir quelle est la stratégie suivie par 'Commerce' dans ses rapports avec les auteurs et leurs contributions.