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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die 1s Photoionisation von Neondimeren mit einer Photonenenergie von 10 eV über der 1s Schwelle von Neon durchgeführt. Das Ziel dieser Messung war die Beantwortung der seit vielen Jahren diskutierten Frage nach der Lokalisierung oder Delokalisierung von Vakanzen in homonuklearen diatomaren Systemen am Beispiel des Neondimers. Können die Vakanzen also einem Atom des Dimers zugeordnet werden oder sind sie über beide Atome verteilt? Bezüglich dieser Frage wurden sowohl die in der Photoionisation direkt entstandenen 1s Vakanzen als auch die aus der Relaxation durch einen interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) resultierenden Vakanzen in der Valenzschale des Neondimers untersucht. Als Observable dienten dabei die Elektronen-Winkelverteilungen im dimerfesten Koordinatensystem, wobei eine bezüglich der ‘rechten’ und der ‘linken’ Seite des homonuklearen diatomaren Moleküls auftretende Asymmetrie in der Winkelverteilung eindeutig eine Lokalisierung der Vakanz indiziert. Dies lässt sich damit begründen, dass die Elektronenwellen im Fall einer delokalisierten Vakanz durch die symmetrisierten Wellenfunktionen beschrieben werden, welche sich aus der kohärenten Überlagerung der lokalisierten Wellenfunktionen ergeben. Die resultierende Winkelverteilung der Elektronen um die Dimerachse ist somit symmetrisch. Im Fall einer lokalisierten Vakanz wird die Elektronenwelle dagegen durch die ‘rechts’ oder ‘links’ lokalisierten Wellenfunktionen, welche aus der kohärenten Überlagerung der symmetrisierten Wellenfunktionen gebildet werden, beschrieben, so dass abhängig von der Elektronenwellenlänge Asymmetrien in der Elektronen-Winkelverteilung auftreten können. Die Möglichkeit, eine eventuelle Asymmetrie in der Winkelverteilung um die Dimerachse zu beobachten ist allerdings nur dann gegeben, wenn die beiden Seiten des Dimers im Anschluss an die Reaktion unterscheidbar sind, d.h. der Ursprung des emittierten Elektrons feststellbar ist, da sich sonst der Fall einer ‘links’ lokalisierten Vakanz mit dem Fall einer ‘rechts’ lokalisierten Vakanz kohärent überlagert. Die Unterscheidung konnte in der vorliegenden Messung anhand der aus einigen Relaxationen hervorgehenden unterschiedlichen Ladungen der ionischen Fragmente des Neondimers durchgeführt werden. Insgesamt wurden im Anschluss an die 1s Photoionisation von Ne2 mit einer Rate von 3:1 der symmetrische Ladungsaufbruch Ne1+ + Ne1+ und der für die Untersuchung der Winkelverteilungen relevante asymmetrische Ladungsaufbruch Ne2+ + Ne1+ des Neondimers beobachtet. Alle in diesen beiden Ladungsaufbrüchen resultierenden intra- und interatomaren Relaxationsprozesse sowie ihre Raten wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit identifiziert und analysiert. Der dominante Zerfallskanal des symmetrischen Ladungsaufbruchs resultierte dabei aus dem im Anschluss an einen KL2,3L2,3 stattfindenden Radiative Charge Transfer, bei welchem unter Aussendung eines Photons ein Ladungsaustausch zwischen den Neonionen des Dimers stattfindet. Der dominante Zerfallskanal des asymmetrischen Ladungsaufbruchs wurde durch den im Anschluss an einen KL1L2,3 stattfindenden ICD bestimmt. Bei diesem in Clustern auftretenden Relaxationsprozess wird die Innerschalenvakanz aus Atom 1 durch ein Valenzelektron aus Atom 1 aufgefüllt. Sobald die Relaxationsenergie dabei nicht ausreicht, um, wie beim Augerzerfall, ein weiteres Valenzelektron aus Atom 1 zu ionisieren, wird die Energie mittels eines virtuellen Photons zum neutralen Nachbaratom des Dimers transferiert, und aus diesem wird ein Elektron, das ICD-Elektron, emittiert. Zur experimentellen Untersuchung der verschiedenen Zerfälle wurde die COLTRIMS (COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy)-Technik verwendet. Bei dieser Impulsspektroskopie werden die Fragmente mit einer Raumwinkelakzeptanz von 4pi mit Hilfe eines elektrischen und eines magnetischen Feldes auf die ortsauflösenden Detektoren geführt, und ihre Flugzeiten und Auftrefforte werden gemessen. Die COLTRIMS-Technik zeichnet sich dabei dadurch aus, dass eine koinzidente Messung der Elektronen und Ionen möglich ist, wodurch die Fragmente eines Reaktionsereignisses einander zugeordnet werden können. Innerhalb der Reaktionsereignisse fragmentierte das Neondimer im Anschluss an die Relaxation in beiden Ladungsaufbrüchen Ne1+ + Ne1+ und Ne2+ + Ne1+ unter 180° in einer Coulombexplosion. Somit spiegelten die Richtungen der Relativimpulse der Ionen im Rahmen der ‘Axial-Recoil-Approximation’ die Position der Dimerachse zum Zeitpunkt der Reaktion wider, und aus den Impulsen der Elektronen konnten die Emissionsrichtungen der Elektronen bezüglich der Dimerachse abgeleitet werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit der beschriebenen Messtechnik eine deutliche Asymmetrie in der Winkelverteilung der 1s Photoelektronen sowie der 2p ICD-Elektronen um die Dimerachse beobachtet. Die gemessene Winkelverteilung der 1s Photoelektronen wies dabei eine qualitativ sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit einer innerhalb einer Hartree-Fock-Rechnung erhaltenen Winkelverteilung für eine vollständig lokalisierte 1s Vakanz im Neondimer auf. Für die Winkelverteilungen der ICD-Elektronen existieren bis heute noch keine theoretischen Vorhersagen. Mit den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass entgegen den heute gängigen Theorien zur Beschreibung des Neondimers sowohl die Vakanzen der innersten Schale als auch die Vakanzen der Valenzschale des Neondimers als lokalisiert beschrieben werden müssen.
Ein wesentliches Ziel der Physik mit schweren Ionen ist die Untersuchung der Zustände von Kernmaterie bei hohen Dichten bzw. Temperaturen. Solche Zustände lassen sich durch Kollisionen von hochenergetischen schweren Ionen in Teilchenbeschleunigern wie dem Super Proton Synchrotron SPS am Europäischen Kernforschungszentrum CERN in Genf erzeugen und untersuchen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse des Einflusses des in einer solchen Kollision erzeugten Mediums auf hochenergetische Teilchen, welche dieses Medium durchqueren. Hierzu werden Korrelationen zwischen Teilchen mit hohem Transversalimpuls pt als Funktion der Zentralität der Kollisionen und der Ladung der beteiligten Teilchen untersucht. Ziel ist es, hierdurch eine experimentelle Grundlage für die theoretische Beschreibung der Eigenschaften des Mediums in solchen Kollisionen bereitzustellen. ...
In this thesis, we studied the single impurity Anderson model and developed a new and fast impurity solver for the dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). Using this new impurity solver, we studied the Hubbard model and periodic Anderson model for various parameters. This work is motivated by the fact that the dynamical mean field theory is widely used for the studies of strongly correlated systems, and the most frequently used methods, e.g. the quantum Monte-Carlo method (QMC), and the exact digonalization method are much CPU time consuming and usually limited by the available computers. Therefore, a fast and reliable impurity solver is needed. This new impurity solver was explored based on the equation-of-motion method (also called Green's function and decoupling method in some literature). Using the retarded Green's function, we first derived the equations of motion of Green's functions. Then, we employed a decoupling scheme to close the equations. By solving self-consistently the obtained closed set of integral equations, we obtained the single particle Green's function for the single impurity Anderson model. After that, the single impurity Anderson model was solved along with self-consistency conditions within the framework of DMFT. In this work, we studied and compared two decoupling schemes. Moreover, we also derived possible higher order approximations which will be tested in future work. Besides the theoretical work, we tested the method in numerical calculations. The integral equations are first solved by iterative methods with linear mixing and Broyden mixing, respectively. However, these two methods are not sufficient for finding the self-consistent solutions of the DMFT equations because converged results are difficult to obtain. Moreover, the computing speed of the two methods is also not satisfactory. Especially the iterative method with linear mixing costs always a lot of CPU time due to the required small mixing. Hence, we developed a new method, which is a combination of genetic algorithm and iterative method. This new method converges very fast and removes artifacts appearing in the results from the iterative method with linear and Broyden mixing. It can directly operate on the real axis, where no numerical error from the high frequency tail corrections and the analytical continuation is introduced. In addition, our new technique strongly improves the precision of the numerical results by removing the broadening. With this newly developed impurity solver and numerical technique, we studied the single impurity Anderson model, the single band Hubbard model and the periodic Anderson model with arbitrary spin and orbital degeneracy N on the real axis. For the single impurity Anderson model, the spectral functions are calculated for the infinite and finite Coulomb interaction strength. We also studied the spectral functions in dependence of the parameters of impurity position and hybridization. For the Hubbard model, we studied the bandwidth control and filling control Mott metal-insulator transition for spin and orbital degeneracy N = 2. It gives qualitatively the critical value of Coulomb interaction strength for the Mott metal-insulator transition, and the spectral functions which are comparable to those obtained in QMC and numerical renormalization group methods. We also studied the quasiparticle weight and the self-energy in metallic states. The latter shows almost Fermi liquid behavior. At last we calculated the densities of states for the Hubbard model with arbitrary spin and orbital degeneracy N. The periodic Anderson model (PAM) is also studied as another important lattice model. It was solved for various combinations of parameters: the Coulomb interaction strength, the impurity position, the center position of the conduction band, the hybridization, the spin and orbital degeneracy. The PAM results represents the physics of impurities in a metal. In short, our method works for the Hubbard model and the periodic Anderson model in a large range of parameters, and gives good results. Therefore, our impurity solver could be very useful in calculations within LDA+DMFT. Finally, we also made a preliminary investigation of the multi-band system based on the success in single band case. We first studied the two-band system in a simplified treatment by neglecting the interaction between the two bands through the bath. This has given promising numerical results for the two-band Hubbard model. Moreover, we have studied theoretically the two-band system with mean field approximation and Hubbard-I approximation in dealing with the higher order cross Green's functions which are related to both the two bands. In the mean field approximation, we even generalized the two-band system to arbitrary M=N/2 band system. Potential improvement can be carried out on the basis of this work.
This study addresses the structure-function relationships of three essential membrane proteins: Porin from Paracoccus denitrificans, Porin OmpG from Eschericia coli and BetP from Corynobacterium glutamicum using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) techniques. The structure of porin from P. denitrificans is known for more than a decade; however, the mechanism for loss of functionality together with the monomerization was not clear. In this study we have addressed the role of lipids for the functionality of porin using FT-IR. OmpF porin was found to interact with the lipid molecules via the aromatic girdles surrounding the protein for functionality. In this study, molecular bonds and groups of the lipids were established as reporter groups probing at different depths of the bilayer in order to understand the interaction partner of the aromatic girdles of porins. Monomerization of the trimeric assembly of OmpF porin reconstituted in lipids is induced by increasing the temperature. Porin (OmpF) was found to be extremely stable: The secondary structure of the protein was unaltered up to the temperature-induced main transition, around 80-90 °C, above which it is denatured. However, the interaction of the aromatic girdle with the lipid molecules exhibited distinct changes at much lower temperature values (40 - 50°) where, according to the previous functional studies, monomerization and the loss of function occurs. The results are compared with OmpG porin from E.coli, for which the functional unit is a monomer. The aromatic girdle-lipid interaction was monitored by the tyrosine aromatic ring C=C vibrational mode, a universal marker for the protein stability and interaction. We have also found that the aromatic girdles of porins are interacting with the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer instead of lipid headgroups. Lipid-protein interaction was found to be not only essential for the structural stability, but also for the functionality of OmpF porin. We have also studied the structural properties of OmpG from E.coli. The structure of OmpG at two pH values has been resolved using X-ray crystallography and the channel has been proposed to attain different states at different pH values as closed (pH < 5.5) and open (pH >7.5). This study, using IR spectroscopy, revealed that the pH-induced opening and closing of the channel is reflected by the frequency shifts of the ? sheet structure. OmpG has more rigid ? barrel properties upon opening of the channel. IR spectral analysis revealed multiple ? sheet signals with different hydrogen bond strengths. This enabled us to monitor the formation of hydrogen bridges between the extracellular loops upon opening of the channel. The conclusion that OmpG porin having two states at different pH values was also confirmed by the three mutants where the role of the histidine pair (H231 & H261) and loop 6 has been addressed. Temperature-profiling of the wild type (WT) protein and the mutants did not show pH dependent structural stability differences in detergent solution. However, the WT protein was found to be more stable in the open form in 2D crystals than the closed form. Reconstitution into lipids has increased the transition temperature value by ~20 °C in the closed state and ~25 °C in the open state. Therefore we conclude that the open and closed state of OmpG has structural stability differences that are only revealed in the lipid environment. A comparison of the transition temperature values of OmpG WT and the mutants suggested that the hydrogen bond network among S218-H231-H261-D267, together with the formation of 12 residue-long ?-sheet contributes to the structural stability of the open channel. In the process of closing and opening of the channel, the globular structure of the protein remains mainly unchanged, while there are changes in the side chain moieties. In addition to the role of the histidine pair and the loop L6, in situ opening/closing experiments showed that the negatively charged amino acids, i.e. Asp and Glu, and Arg residues also play an active role; possibly by interacting with each other inside the pore lumen. Therefore it could be concluded that the closure of the channel at acidic pH values is not only via closing the channel entrance by loop 6, but also via changing the electric potential inside the lumen due to the different states of charged amino acids in order to effectively block the gateway. BetP from C.glutamicum attains an active and inactive state in order to adjust its glycine betaine uptake rate to the osmotic conditions that the cell encounters. The structure of BetP is not yet available. The WT protein exhibited structural differences in the presence of excess K+, which is one of the activation conditions. In 2D crystals, increasing the ionic strength to 700 mM K+ was shown to induce changes in the ?-helical moiety with contributions from the ester groups and one Tyr residue using ATR-FTIR. An increase in ionic strength to 220 mM K+ was found to be the threshold value of potassium concentration ([K+]) where the protein exhibits structural alterations in detergent solution. The determined [K+] values are in good agreement with the previous functional studies. However, there are differences in the activation profile of BetP in 2D crystals and in detergent solution, which points out that the lipids are involved in the conformational transition from the inactive to the active state and their absence can lead to different structural properties. BetP WT was found to have ~65% alpha-helix, ~25% random coil and ~10% turn structure in detergent solution. In the presence of excess K+, the WT protein is found to adapt more unordered structure. Secondary structure analysis of the mutants revealed that both the N- and C-terminus are in ?-helical conformation. Reconstitution of WT protein in 2D crystals increased the main transition (denaturation) temperature value from ~62 °C to ~85 °C, a clear indication that the protein is more stable in lipid environment. Temperature-profiling of the two forms of the WT protein revealed that the structural breakdown is preceeded by monomerization of the trimeric assembly. Comparing the two forms of the WT protein and the mutant BetA, we conclude that the oligomeric status is stabilized via the interactions among hydrophilic regions involving the N terminus. H/D exchange and activation with excess K+ in D2O-buffer revealed that activation of the protein involves the interaction of Arg and Asp/Glu residues in the cytoplasmic region of the protein. BetP WT and the two mutants tested, i.e. BetA and BetP?C45, showed differences in protein packing upon activation. The WT protein and BetP?C45 mutant also show changes in the hydrogen bonding properties of turns. Since BetA does not show such a property in activation, we conclude that the N-terminus interacts with the loops in the inactive state via the interaction of charged amino acids for the WT protein and that this interaction is altered during the activation. It could be argued that the protein packing is affected via the changes in turns upon activation. We also have found experimental evidence that one Tyr residue has different orientations in the active and inactive state of BetP. Based on the previous functional studies, it could be one of the five Tyr residues in the cytoplasmic region of the protein (in loop 3, 6, 7 or C-terminus). The mutant BetP?C45, on the other hand, showed fewer differences between the active and inactive state conditions and based on the H/D exchange rates, the mutant shows the properties of an active WT protein, proving that the C-terminal truncation impairs the conformational transition between the active and inactive states.
Es wurde eine neue Routine zur Berechnung der Raumladungskräfte basierend auf einer schnellen Fourier-Transformation entwickelt und in das Teilchensimulationsprogramm LORASR integriert. Dadurch werden einzelne oder bis zu mehreren 100 Simulationen im Batch-Modus mit je 1 Million Makroteilchen und akzeptablen Rechenzeiten ermöglicht. Die neue Raumladungsroutine wurde im Rahmen der Europäischen „High Intensity Pulsed Proton Injectors” (HIPPI) Kollaboration erfolgreich validiert. Dabei wurden verschiedene statische Vergleichstests der Poisson-Solver und schließlich Vergleichsrechnungen entlang des Alvarez-Beschleunigerabschnittes des GSI UNILAC durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden Werkzeuge zum Aufprägen und zur Analyse von Maschinenfehlern entwickelt. Diese wurden erstmals für Fehlertoleranzstudien an der IH-Kavität des Heidelberger Therapiebeschleunigers, am Protonen-Linearbeschleuniger für das FAIR Projekt in Darmstadt sowie am Vorschlag eines supraleitenden CH-Beschleunigers für die “International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility” (IFMIF) eingesetzt.
In this work we study the properties of quarkonium states in a quark-gluon plasma which, due to expansion and non-zero viscosity, exhibits a local anisotropy in momentum space. We determine the hard-loop resummed gluon propagator in an anisotropic QCD plasma in general linear gauges and define a potential between heavy quarks from the Fourier transform of its static limit. This potential which arises due to one-gluon exchange describes the force between a quark and anti-quark at short distances. It is closer to the vacuum potential as compared to the isotropic Debye screened potential which indicates the reduced screening in an anisotropic QCD plasma. In addition, angular dependence appears in the potential; we find that there is stronger attraction on distance scales on the order of the inverse Debye mass for quark pairs aligned along the direction of anisotropy than for transverse alignment. The potential at long distances, however, is non-perturbative and modeled as a QCD string which is screened at the same scale as the Coulomb field. At asymptotic separation the potential energy is non-zero and inversely proportional to the temperature. With a phenomenological potential model which incorporates the different behaviors at short and long distances, we solve the three-dimensional Schrödinger equation. Our numerical results show that quarkonium binding is stronger at non-vanishing viscosity and expansion rate, and that the anisotropy leads to polarization of the P-wave states. Furthermore, we determine viscosity corrections to the imaginary part of the heavyquark potential in the weak-coupling hard-loop approximation. The imaginary part is found to be smaller (in magnitude) than at vanishing viscosity. This implies a smaller decay width of quarkonium bound states in an anisotropic plasma.
In this work we investigate phenomenological aspects of an anisotropic quark-gluon plasma. In the first part of this thesis, we formulate phenomenologicalmodels that take into account the momentumspace anisotropy of the system developed during the expansion of the fireball at early-times. By including the proper-time dependence of the parton hard momentum scale, phard(), and the plasma anisotropy parameter, Xi, the proposed models allow us to interpolate from 0+1 pre-equilibrated expansion at early-times to 0+1 ideal hydrodynamics at late times. We study dilepton production as a valuable observable to experimentally determine the isotropization time of the system as well as the degree of anisotropy developed at early-times. We generalize our interpolating models to include the rapidity dependence of phard and consider its impact on forward dileptons. Next, we discuss how to constrain the onset of hydrodynamics by demanding two requirements of the solutions to the equations of motion of viscous hydrodynamics. We show this explicitly for 0+1 dimensional 2nd-order conformal viscous hydrodynamics and find that the initial conditions are non-trivially constrained. Finally, we demonstrate how to match the initial conditions for 0+1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamics from pre-equilibrated expansion. We analyze the dependence of the entropy production on the pre-equilibrium phase and discuss limitations of the standard definitions of the non-equilibrium entropy in kinetic theory.
In this work the preparation of organic donor-acceptor thin films was studied. A chamber for organic molecular beam deposition was designed and integrated into an existing deposition system for metallic thin films. Furthermore, the deposition system was extended by a load-lock with integrated bake-out function, a chamber for the deposition of metallic contacts via stencil mask technique and a sputtering chamber. For the sublimation of the organic compounds several effusion cells were designed. The evaporation characteristic and the temperature profile within the cells was studied. Additionally, a simulation program was developed, which calculates the evaporation characteristics of different cell types. The following processes were integrated: evaporation of particles, migration on the cell walls and collisions in the gas phase. It is also possible to consider a temperature gradient within the cell. All processes can be studied separately and their relative strength can be varied. To verify the simulation results several evaporation experiments with different cell types were employed. The thickness profile of the prepared thin films was measured position-dependently. The results are in good agreement with the simulation. Furthermore, the simulation program was extended to the field of electron beam induced deposition (EBID). The second part of this work deals with the preparation and characterization of organic thin films. The focus hereby lies on the charge transfer salt (BEDT-TTF)(TCNQ), which has three known structure variants. Thin films were prepared by different methods of co-evaporation and were studied with optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).The formation of the monoclinic phase of (BEDT-TTF)(TCNQ) could be shown. As a last part tunnel structures were prepared as first thin film devices and measured in a He4 cryostat.
This thesis is devoted to the developement of a classical model for the study of the energetics and stability of carbon nanotubes. The motivation behind such a model stems from the fact that production of nanotubes in a well-controlled manner requires a detailed understanding of their energetics. In order to study this different theoretical approaches are possible, ranging from the computationally expensive quantum mechanical first principle methods to the relatively simple classical models. A wisely developed classical model has the advantage that it could be used for systems of any possible size while still producing reasonable results. The model developed in this thesis is based on the well-known liquid drop model without the volume term and hence we call it liquid surface model. Based on the assumption that the energy of a nanotube can be expressed in terms of its geometrical parameters like surface area, curvature and shape of the edge, liquid surface model is able to predict the binding energy of nanotubes of any chirality once the total energy and the chiral indices of it are known. The model is suggested for open end and capped nanotubes and it is shown that the energy of capped nanotubes is determined by five physical parameters, while for the open end nanotubes three parameters are sufficient. The parameters of the liquid surface model are determined from the calculations performed with the use of empirical Tersoff and Brenner potentials and the accuracy of the model is analysed. It is shown that the liquid surface model can predict the binding energy per atom for capped nanotubes with relative error below 0.3% from that calculated using Brenner potential, corresponding to the absolute energy difference being less than 0.01 eV. The influence of the catalytic nanoparticle on top of which a nanotube grows, on the nanotube energetics is also discussed. It is demonstrated that the presence of catalytic nanoparticle changes the binding energy per atom in such a way that if the interaction of a nanotube with the catalytic nanoparticle is weak then attachment of an additional atom to a nanotube is an energetically favourable process, while if the catalytic nanoparticle nanotube interaction is strong , it becomes energetically more favourable for the nanotube to collapse. The suggested model gives important insights in the energetics and stability of nanotubes of different chiralities and is an important step towards the understanding of nanotube growth process. Young modulus and curvature constant are calculated for single-wall carbon nanotubes from the paremeters of the liquid surface model and demonstrated that the obtained values are in agreement with the values reported earlier both theoretically and experimentally. The calculated Young modulus and the curvature constant were used to conclude about the accuracy of the Tersoff and Brenner potentials. Since the parameters of the liquid surface model are obtained from the Tersoff and Brenner potential calculations, the agreement of elastic properties derived from these parameters corresponds to the fact that both potentials are capable of describing the elastic properties of nanotubes. Finally, the thesis discuss the possible extension of the model to various systems of interest.
The characterization of microscopic properties in correlated low-dimensional materials is a challenging problem due to the effects of dimensionality and the interplay between the many different lattice and electronic degrees of freedom. Competition between these factors gives rise to interesting and exotic magnetic phenomena. An understanding of how these phenomena are driven by these degrees of freedom can be used for rational design of new materials, to control and manipulate these degrees of freedom in order to obtain desired properties. In this work, we study these effects in materials with small exchange interaction between the magnetic ions such as metal-organic and inorganic dilute compounds. We overcome the dfficulties in studying these kind of materials by combining classical and quantum mechanical ab initio methods and many-body theory methods in an effective theoretical approach. To treat metal-organic compounds we elaborate a novel two-step methodology which allows one to include quantum effects while reducing the computational cost. We show that our approach is an effective procedure, leading at each step, to additional insights into the essential features of the phenomena and materials under study. Our investigation is divided into two parts, the first one concerning the exploration of the fundamental physical properties of novel Cu(II) hydroquinone-based compounds. We have studied two representatives of this family, a polymeric system Cu(II)-2,5-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroxybenzene (CuCCP) and a coupled system Cu2S2F6N8O12 (TK91). The second part concerns the study of magnetic phenomena associated with the interplay between different energy scales and dimensionality in zero-, one- and two-dimensional compounds. In the zero-dimensional case, we have performed a comprehensive study of Cu4OCl6L4 with L=diallylcyanamide=NC-N-(CH2-CH=CH2)2 (Cu4OCl6daca4). Interpretations of the magnetic properties for this tetrameric compound have been controversial and inconsistent. From our studies, we conclude that the common models usually applied to this and other representatives in the same family of cluster systems fail to provide a consistent description of their low temperature magnetic properties and we thus postulate that in such systems it is necessary to take into account quantum fluctuations due to possible frustrated behavior. In the one-dimensional case, we studied polymeric Fe(II)-triazole compounds, which are of special relevance due to the possibility of inducing a spin transition between low and high spin state by applying a external perturbation. A long standing problem has been a satisfactory microscopic explanation of this large cooperative phenomenon. A lack of X-ray data has been one mitigating reason for the absence of microscopic studies. In this work, we present a novel approach to the understanding of the microscopic mechanism of spin crossover in such systems and show that in these kind of compounds magnetic exchange between high spin Fe(II) centers plays an important role. The correct description of the underlying physics in many materials is often hindered by the presence of anisotropies. To illustrate this difficulty, we have studied a two dimensional dilute compound K2V3O8 which exhibits an unusual spin reorientation effect when applying magnetic fields. While this effect can be understood when considering anisotropies in the system, it is not sufficient to reproduce experimental observations. Based on our studies of the electronic and magnetic properties in this system, we predict an extra exchange interaction and the presence of an additional magnetic moment at the non-magnetic V site. This sheds a new light into the controversial recent experimental data for the magnetic properties of this material.