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In the first years of cinematography, the exhibitors mostly used magic lantern slides to project films titles before the film’s projection. In Europe and in the United States, around 1902–1903, motion pictures started to be sold with edited titles on films, and edited subtitles on multi shot films. From around 1907, as the length and number of shots, subtitles and words increased, there was a kind of competition between the subtitle and the lecturer to explain the films to the audiences. In the transitional period – 1907–1916 –, the trade press and scenario manuals constantly debated subtitle usefulness and limits. On one hand the dream of cinematography as a universal language was incompatible with this device, and the strong ideal of the titleless film advocated that moving pictures should tell stories by themselves, without the aid of any external narration, like theatre plays. On the other hand, there were more realistic approaches: subtitles were unavoidable, as they were essential to make a film understandable. The main recommendation, however, was to use them very sparingly, and only when it was absolutely necessary, because they might spoil suspense by giving a summary of the action in advance, they were also considered to have an adverse impact on the “reality effect”, to be exterior to the story and to interrupt the flow of images. Despite the reluctances and ambivalences towards it, as the industry organized itself in the 1910’s the subtitle was retooled, and became conventional and largely used for the construction of the classical narrative film.
Since 150 years, the surroundings of Meran in the Etsch valley (Prov. Alto Adige (Südtirol), Italy) are known as an extraordinary place for rare bryophyte species. It is an attraction for bryologists, who collect species, which are found in Europe only in a few places in the southern Alps. The region is especially well known by the fieldwork of Julius Milde, who stayed there 2 years and described some species as new. In spite of the bryological importance of this region, descriptions of this area as well comments on the phytogeographical background seem to lack.
A catalogue of 107 species of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and 8 species of hornworts (Anthocerotophyta), recorded from Assam, India is presented. This includes three new records for India viz., Cololejeunea denticulata (Horik.) S. Hatt., C. inflata Steph., Plagiochila furcifolia Mitt., and three species viz., Cololejeunea desciscens Steph. Colura ari (Steph.) Steph., Lopholejeunea eulopha (Taylor) Schiffn. new to mainland. Twelve species are new record for Eastern Himalayan bryo-geographical territory, 20 species as new to Assam and seven species are endemic to Indian regions.
The determination of complete DNA sequence of mitochondrial genome of liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, opens the way to study the structure and organization of mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes. Since then several studies to sequence mitochondrial genomes of various plant groups have been made. Consequently 71 mitochondrial genomes (as on September 28, 2012) of Viridiplantae are available in organelle genome resources database at National Center for Biotechnology Information. Among these mitochondrial genomes the lineage sampling of bryophytes are poorly represented with only three liverworts, two mosses and two hornworts. The present review deals with features of sequenced mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes.
District Rajouri harbours a rich floral and faunal diversity besides varying climatic zones namely sub-tropical, temperate and alpine. The region exhibit significant altitudinal variations ranging from 490 m. to 4700 m. The present study was conducted to report bryophytic elements of the study area as there is no previous work done on this aspect from the study area, except some stray references. A total of 44 bryophyte species belonging to 4 orders, 16 families and 21 genera were reported from the study area. A checklist of the reported plant species with family, distributional range and habitat is presented in the paper. Besides contributing to the regional and national biodiversity check list database, the present study has opened up a new window for the future studies on the various aspects of the reported taxa including extensive exploration for the updation of the present list and to study the conservational aspects of the disappearing bryoflora of the region.
Leptodontium styriacum shall be distinguished from the closely related L. flexifolium by the frequent occurrence of gemmae, leaves ending in a hyaline cell and larger laminal cells. A critical evaluation of these characters revealed that these differences are obsolete. Therefore both species are synonymised with the result, that L. flexifolium has a disjunct range between the oceanic parts of Europe and the Alps, a distribution pattern also found in several other species.
Since the availability of first complete DNA sequence of chloroplast genome of Marchantia polymorpha several studies to determine the structure and organization of chloroplast genomes of various plant groups have been made. However the lineage sampling of bryophytes are poorly represented in complete chloroplast genome sequences (only three liverworts, two mosses and one hornwort). This review presents features of sequenced chloroplast genomes of bryophytes.
Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) hold the basal most position among extant land plants. The present study deals with comparative analysis of available mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes using bioinformatics tools. These mitochondrial genomes belong to 2 liverworts, 1 moss and 2 hornworts. The analysis is based on multiple genome analysis through whole proteome comparison to detect conservation between mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes.
Bryoflora of Munsyari and Dharchula Tehsil of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, Western Himalayas, India
(2012)
Uttarakhand state of India comprises unique topographical conditions and hence is rich in bryophytes. In present work two Tehsils-Munsyari and Dharchula of Pithoragarh have been explored extensively to assess the bryophytic wealth of this district. A preliminary checklist has been prepared which revealed the occurrence of 51 taxa of bryophytes from this district.
Scopelophila cataractae, a species on heavy metal rich substrates, was first recorded for Europe in 1967 from Britain and subsequently recorded from many localities contaminated with heavy metal especially around zinc works. It was found in Germany on schist-walls nearby mines from the nineteenth century. This could indicate that the species was present in Europe already prior to 1967 but overlooked. Records even from solid rock nearby mines suggest a status as native species, however, the species had not been observed in the inrtensively floristically studied region before 1870.
Based on collections of the author in February and March 2012, Notothylas breutelii, Syzigiella perfoliata, Campylopus lamellinervis. as well as the genus Riccia are reported as new to the Dominican Republic. Sixteen new provincial records are given. Updated and revised lists of the mosses of the Dominican republic as well as the province of La Plata are given.
The habitat as well as the unicellular thallus margins of Aneura maxima lead to the assumption that this species could be a hygromorphosis of A. pinguis. Therefore specimens of A. pinguis were cultivated in water. Even after four months the multicellular thallus margins were retained, which proved to be a stable character to separate A. pinguis from A. maxima. Therefore plants even with a small unistratose border, which are attributed to aquatic forms of A. pinguis, may belong to A. maxima. It is supposed that A. maxima was overlooked in Europe but regarded as aquatic forms of A. pinguis named as fo. rivularis. Such plants show unicellular thallus margins and are regarded as hygrophytic form of A. maxima. The presence viz. absence of an unicellular thallus margin seems to be a sufficient character to separate both species. The discussion about the width of the unistratose thallus margin is useless because the type of A. maxima has only 2-4 rows of unicellular cells and not 6-12 or more as attributed by European hepaticologists. This raises doubts whether the European material is identical with A. maxima rather with A. pellioides from Japan.
A preliminary study has been made for Borail Wild Life Sanctuary, Assam, India. A total of 25 species of liverwort (Marchantiophyta) and one species of hornwort (Anthocerotophyta) have been enumerated. Of these, Frullania berthoumieuii is new to India, Caudalejeunea reniloba new to North East India, 13 species new to Assam and 11 species are reported for the first time from Borail WLS. Folioceros paliformis is rediscovered after its type.
In succession of terrestrial ecosystem, bryophytes, algae and lichens constitute the primary components. Not only phylogenetically but also physically they are related to each other, as they are also found in close association and intermixed with each other on same substratum. A chlorophycean alga Ulothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr) Kützing has been found growing as an epiphyte on moss Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid.. The association is peculiar as the algal filaments form a close net over the surface of moss leaves and axis.
Germinating tests with bryophytes were undertaken with three moss species and two hepatic species. For the first time these tests were performed with aquaceous extracts of bryophytes in contrast to previous studies in which seeds were directly placed on moist bryophytes. First tests showed an inhibition of the germination rate in 3 species but an increase of the germination in one species. A second study revealed that aquaceous as well as alcoholic extracts in high concentrations inhibited the growth of cress, highly diluted extracts promoted the growth. Other authors found either only germination promoting effects or both, promoting and inhibiting effects. Experiments with compounds extracted from bryophytes cited in the literature had only growth inhibiting effects. Brachythecium rutabulum revealed growth inhibiting effects in a previous but growth promoting effects in this study. The conflicting results are hard to explain and should stimulate further more detailed studies. They maybe due to various combinations of different concentrations of bryophyte extracts, different bryophyte species, different pH and different seeds but also contamination by dust, soil, bacteria and fungi .
Plants variable in size and appearence, from a few mm to more than 10 cm tall, in loose to dense tufts. Stems erect, simple, rarely branched, radiculose, sometimes densely tomentose; rhizoids reddish-brown to whitish. Leaves erect-patent, sometimes curled when dry or falcate (sometimes erect and falcate expressions in the same species), short to longly lanceolate, often subulate; margins entire or serrate at leaf tips; costa single, percurrent to short excurrent, sometimes hyaline excurrent, filling 1/6 to 4/5 of leaf width, in transverse-section with median deuter cells and dorsal stereids, rarely hyalocysts, ventrally either stereids or more rarely hyalocysts; laminal cells usually smooth, occasionally bulging mammillose, cell walls smooth; alar cells differentiated or not, when distinct, hyaline or reddish brown, inflated, thin-walled or incrassate, basal laminal cells mostly rectangular, thin-walled or incrassate, occasionally pitted, upper laminal cells quadrate to rectangular or oval, leaf border present in some taxa. Vegetative propagation by microphyllous branches, deciduous leaves or stem tips, or anisophyllous brood leaves in the axils of the upper leaves. Dioicous or autoicous. Perichaetia terminal, or occasionally pseudolateral by stem innovations, perichaetial leaves often different in shape, from sheathing base subulate. Seta mostly elongate (1-4 cm), rarely short (<1 cm) or almost absent, erect, in few genera flexuose, cygneously curved and twisted. Capsule immersed to more commonly exserted, inclined to suberect or erect, symmetric to asymmetric, short long-cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical or ovoid,, smooth or furrowed when dry and empty; stomata present or absent; annulus present or absent. Operculum conical to long-rostrate. Peristome single, teeth 16, mostly divided 1/2 or more toward base, vertically striate below, distally papillose to papillose throughout. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, base entire or ciliate. Spores almost smooth to coarsely papillose.
The Chocó region in Colombia is one of the wettest rainforests regions in the world. Isolated for about 3 million years, it is known for its high rate of endemism in flowering plants, ferns, birds and butterflies. Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) of this region, however, were very unsufficiently known. For this reason, a first survey of the bryoflora of the Chocó region was made in 1992 along a transect from sea level to 1800 m elevation. Apparently because of the high precipitation with up to 12 m annual rainfall, terrestrial species were found growing on bark or corticolous species on leaves. The cover of epiphytic bryophytes is higher than elsewhere, especially in the lowland forest which shows usually a low bryophyte cover. The percentage of mosses compared with that of liverworts is much lower than elsewhere. Mosses form only about 10% of the bryophyte cover in contrast to 40-50% in the according elevation in other rain forest regions.
Since the existence of Nilgiri hills, bryophyte- the miniatures of plant kingdom play an important and crucial role in the stabilization of Blue Mountains ecology. Unlike Himalayas, the landslides were rare in the area, but with the time and changing global environment it had become a common sight. Significantly ever increasing population and vehicular traffic is the prime reason for them, to cater the need, roads are periodically broadened by cutting road sides destroying the habitat as also the inhabiting species. Bryophytes, are efficient soil binders that regulate the soil moisture and provide substrate for future plant succession. The habitat loss and nudeness of substratum gives impetus to rapid soil erosion that further enhances the problem of their very survival. The present communication provides significance of these avascular cryptogams in environmental assessment, ecological balance and their role in decreasing the pore pressure to check land slides.
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) are the most basal lineages among extant land plants. However, there is controversy regarding their monophyletic or paraphyletic origin. Moreover, the most basal group of bryophytes also remains questionable. Due to this it is a matter of debate which lineage of bryophytes acts as transition link between bryophytes and pteridophytes. In order to resolve these issues we conducted a bioinformatics analysis on available chloroplast genomes of 1 green alga, 5 bryophytes, 4 pteridophytes, and 6 gymnosperms. Our study is based on multiple genome analysis through whole proteome comparison. The higher number of orthologous identified in Anthoceros (a hornwort), in comparison to other bryophytes considered, against all pteridophytes strongly support hornworts as transition link between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
The development of and the changes in the classification of bryophytes are shown over the last two centuries. It is shown that, except for an early period, the bryophyte system was never totally revised but was always only slightly improved, in which the ideas of a bryophyte system has undergone some kind of evolution but was never drastically changed. Neither the evolution theory in the last century nor the results of cytology, phytochemistry, computerbased studies or genetics in this century had drastically altered the bryophyte system. The reasons for the never totally changed but always slightly improved classification of bryophytes seem to be that recognition of systematic units is based on certain principles such as hierachical classification, types and algorithms of comparison. Therefore it is postulated that no general changes in the classification of bryophytes are to be expected in the future.
Parson’s valley is an area explored for the first time in Indian Bryology; it is situated in Nilgiri hills (Western Ghats). The region is very conducive for the growth of liverworts and it is evident by the present study of recent collections from this area in which 27 taxa (under 12 genera and 5 families) of liverworts have been recorded, of which few are new to Nilgiri hills as well as south India.
Notes on a small Odonata collection from Tawi-Tawi, Sanga-Sanga and Jolo islands, Philippines
(2012)
Sulu region is among the least explored faunal region in the Philippine archipelago. Odonatologically, this region is poorly studied until recently. Presently a survey conducted in July 1 – 14, 2011 revealed ten new records in Tawi-Tawi raising the total number of Odonata to 54. Three new species records were made for Sanga-Sanga raising the known number in that island to 34. Three species were recorded for the first time in Jolo raising the total number to 18. One new species of damselfly was found and several questionable and possible new species of dragonflies were documented.
Records of Odonata collected from Gunung Pueh and the surrounding area, in west Sarawak, in October 2012, are presented. 67 species were collected; two species were recorded in Borneo for the first time: Libellago stigmatizans and Copera ciliata. Othernotable records include Podolestes chrysopus, Telosticta gading, Agriocnemis mini-ma and Pseudagrion coomansi. Some additional, previously unpublished, records from the most western part of Sarawak are included in two appendices.
On 13 July 2010, in a woodland near the village of Verin Khotanan, Armenia, five males of Cordulegaster vanbrinkae were captured. These specimens are documented, compared with the holotype from Iran and discussed in detail. The current protection situation of this species in Armenia is briefly commented. In addition, the locus typicus information of the holotype from Iran is corrected and detailed.
Results of the odonatological survey of the coastal SW regions of Cambodia in August 12-28, 2011 are presented. Those include general notes on the Odonata fauna in late rainy season, enumeration of all records by locality, discussion of interesting specimens and their taxonomy, and notes on habitats and habits of some species. Of 87 named Odonata species encountered during the trip, 15 are reported for the first time for Cambodia, namely Aciagrion hisopa (Selys, 1876), Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842, Burmagomphus divaricatus Lieftinck, 1964, Gomphidictinus perakensis (Laidlaw, 1902), Merogomphus parvus (Kruger, 1899), Nepogomphus walli (Fraser, 1924), Idionyx thailandica Hamalainen, 1985, Macromia cupricincta Fraser, 1024, Macromia septima Martin, 1904, Macromidia rapida Martin, 1907, Agrionoptera insignis (Rambur, 1842), Lyriothemis elegantissima Selys, 1883, Onychothemis testacea Laidlaw, 1902, Orthetrum luzonicum (Brauer, 1868), Orthetrum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839). The country list now reaches 125 named species.
The results of an odonatological expedition to the Hose Mountains in central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo made in April 2011 are presented. During the two-week expedition more than sixty-three species of Odonata were collected, bring the number of species of Odonata known from the Hose Mountains to over ninety-three; a number greater than that recorded from a some of Sarawak’s National Parks. Species of particular interest collected on the expedition include Drepanosticta new species, Protosticta tubau Dow, 2010 and, most notably, Chlorogomphus manau Dow & Ngiam, 2011, which was discovered during the expedition.
Six Odonata species were collected during night light trapping on the Mambilla Pla-teau, Taraba State Nigeria. Being predominantly diurnal insects, odonates captured in light traps have always been considered as an anomaly. The new data initiated an extensive interrogation of all records on Odonata collected near artificial light sources.A total of 415 records (402 published and 13 new) are presented here with a sum-mary of previous discussions and new discussion points. The general conclusion is that odonates are mainly confused by, rather than attracted to the light. New ave-nues for further research in this field are suggested based on previous important stu-dies undertaken on Odonata morphology and physiology.
The South African endemic bee genus Redivivoides Michener, 1981 is revised and redefined. The genus comprises seven species, six of which are described here as new: Redivivoides capensis sp. nov. ♀♂, R. eardleyi sp. nov. ♀, R. kamieskroonensis sp. nov. ♀, R. karooensis sp. nov. ♀♂, R. namaquaensis sp. nov. ♀♂ and R. variabilis sp. nov. ♀♂. A key to species is provided.
The genus Candobrasilopsis gen. nov. is here described, with C. rochai gen. nov. sp. nov. as type species, from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River. The enigmatic Candonopsis brasiliensis Sars, 1901 is here redescribed and transferred to this new genus, the new combination being Candobrasilopsis brasiliensis (Sars, 1901). The new candonid genus belongs to the tribe Candonopsini, because of the absence of the proximal seta on the caudal ramus. It is closely related to Latinopsis Karanovic & Datry, 2009, because of the relatively short terminal segment of the mandibular palp (length less than 1.5 times the basal width, while this segment is longer than three times the basal width in Candonopsis) and the large and stout b-seta on the T1. However, it differs markedly from Latinopsis in the size and shape of the calcified inner lamellae of both valves and in the type of hemipenis. We also discuss the doubtful allocation of several other genera to the Candonopsini, raise Abcandonopsis Karanovic, 2004 to generic status and reassess the uncertain position of Candonopsis anisitsi Daday, 1905 within Latinopsis.
Scolopendrellidae (Myriapoda, Symphyla) from the Afrotropics with descriptions of seven new species
(2012)
Among the Scolopendrellidae belonging to the collection of Symphyla of the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Tervuren, Belgium), ten species were found and seven new species are described: Symphylella erecta sp. nov., S. fuko sp. nov., S. kalundu sp. nov., S. lubumbashi sp. nov., S. malagassa sp. nov., S. tanganyika sp. nov. and Remysymphyla spinosa sp. nov. SEM micrographs and additional information of the new species and also of Remysymphyla hova Aubry & Masson, 1952, Ribautiella zagnanadina Brölemann, 1926 and R. schoutedeni Hinschberger, 1954 are provided, which contributes to an easier determination of the afrotropical scolopendrellid species. The diagnosis of the genus Remysymphyla is discussed.
A new species of pearlfish, Echiodon prionodon, is described from three specimens. This species is diagnosed by having a serrated margin on the posterior edge of the fangs, expanded thoracic plates on some abdominal vertebrae and ventral swimbladder tunic ridges. This species was only found in coastal waters around the North Island of New Zealand. The diagnosis of Eurypleuron is revised.
Iranocichla hormuzensis occupies a biogeographically peculiar position. This endemic of southern Iran is the only Iranian cichlid. While it is phylogenetically related to African oreochromine members of the cichlid family, it remains unclear how it has dispersed into its current range. It is one of the many lasting enigmas of cichlid biogeography. Monogenean fish parasites may provide useful additional information in such cases. Therefore, I. hormuzensis was examined for these flatworms. A gyrodactylid parasite is reported and compared to congeners from the Palearctic and from cichlids. In this way, we verify whether it shows affinities to parasites from fishes that are either biogeographically or phylogenetically close to Iranocichla hormuzensis. The species is new to science and is described as Gyrodactylus jalalii sp. nov. This is the first description of a parasite infecting I. hormuzensis. Because of the fixation method or age of the material, DNA could not be isolated. Due to the lack of genetic data, no conclusions can be drawn on its phylogenetic positioning. Indeed, Gyrodactylus phylogeny cannot be inferred from morphological characteristics alone. Moreover, the congeners phenotypically reminiscent of the new species belong to a Gyrodactylus clade which is highly diverse in geographic range and host choice. Hence, there is no evidence linking the new species to an exclusively African or cichlid-bound Gyrodactylus lineage.
This paper summarizes current knowledge about East African pholcids. East Africa is defined as the area from 12°S to 5°N and from 28° to 42°E, including all of Uganda, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. An annotated list of the 15 genera and 87 species recorded from this area is given, together with distribution maps and an identification key to genera. Most East African species (90%) belong to one of only six genera: Buitinga Huber, 2003 (21 species); Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (18); Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (17); Spermophora Hentz, 1841 (12); Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 (5) and Quamtana Huber, 2003 (4). Eight species for which DNA sequence data have been published recently are newly described: Buitinga batwa sp. nov., B. wataita sp. nov., Spermophora mau sp. nov., S. maathaiae sp. nov., S. bukusu sp. nov., S. kirinyaga sp. nov., S. kyambura sp. nov. and Quamtana nyahururu sp. nov. Crossopriza johncloudsleyi Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001, previously only known from Yemen, is redescribed based on specimens from Kenya. Additional new records are given for 21 previously described species.